NASA Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

20040111442 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA, USA
Interpretation of TOMS Observations of Tropical Tropospheric Ozone with a Global Model and In Situ Observations
Martin, Randall V.; Jacob, Daniel J.; Logan, Jennifer A.; Bey, Isabelle; Yantosca, Robert M.; Staudt, Amanda C.; Fiore, Arlene
M.; Duncan, Bryan N.; Liu, Hongyu; Ginoux, Paul, et al.; Journal of Geophysical Research; January 2004; ISSN 0148-0227;
Volume 107, D18, pp. 4-1 - 4-19; In English; Original contains color and black and white illustrations
Contract(s)/Grant(s): NAG1-2307; Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
We interpret the distribution of tropical tropospheric ozone columns (TTOCs) from the Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer (TOMS) by using a global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry (GEOS-CHEM) and additional
information from in situ observations. The GEOS-CHEM TTOCs capture 44% of the variance of monthly mean TOMS
TTOCs from the convective cloud differential method (CCD) with no global bias. Major discrepancies are found over northern
Africa and south Asia where the TOMS TTOCs do not capture the seasonal enhancements from biomass burning found in the
model and in aircraft observations. A characteristic feature of these northern topical enhancements, in contrast to southern
tropical enhancements, is that they are driven by the lower troposphere where the sensitivity of TOMS is poor due to Rayleigh
scattering. We develop an efficiency correction to the TOMS retrieval algorithm that accounts for the variability of ozone in
the lower troposphere. This efficiency correction increases TTOC’s over biomass burning regions by 3-5 Dobson units (DU)
and decreases them by 2-5 DU over oceanic regions, improving the agreement between CCD TTOCs and in situ observations.
Applying the correction to CCD TTOCs reduces by approximately DU the magnitude of the ‘tropical Atlantic paradox’
[Thompson et al, 2000], i.e. the presence of a TTOC enhancement over the southern tropical Atlantic during the northern
African biomass burning season in December-February. We reproduce the remainder of the paradox in the model and explain
it by the combination of upper tropospheric ozone production from lightning NOx, peristent subsidence over the southern
tropical Atlantic as part of the Walker circulation, and cross-equatorial transport of upper tropospheric ozone from northern
midlatitudes in the African ‘westerly duct.’ These processes in the model can also account for the observed 13-17 DU
persistent wave-1 pattern in TTOCs with a maximum above the tropical Atlantic and a minimum over the tropical Pacific
during all seasons. The photochemical effects of mineral dust have only a minor role on the modeled distribution of TTOCs,
including over northern Africa, due to multiple competing effects. The photochemical effects of mineral dust globally decease
annual mean OH concentrations by 9%. A global lightning NOx source of 6 Tg N yr(sup -1) in the model produces a
simulation that is most consistent with TOMS and in situ observations.
Author
Atmospheric Chemistry; Three Dimensional Models; Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer; Troposphere; In Situ Measurement;
Tropical Regions
20040111489 Industrial Coll. of the Armed Forces, Washington, DC
2002 Industry Analysis Research Paper: Global Environment, Global Industry, and Global Security: Managing the
Crossroads
Kurish, Mohd A.; Gerlaugh, John L.; Hains, Thomas J.; Holt, Kevin E.; Diawara, Moustapha M.; Jan. 2002; 23 pp.; In
English; Original contains color illustrations
Report No.(s): AD-A425456; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
The events of September 11, 2001 prompted a fresh look at the impact of human activity on the global environment.
Environmental issues are increasingly at the forefront of US national security strategy. Environmental, industry, and security
form a complex public policy ‘crossroads’ that will require significant attention in the future. This paper examines worldwide
environmental challenges and the US Environmental Industry. Policy recommendations are provided, with emphasis on
maintaining biodiversity, sustaining the use of limited natural resources, and coping more effectively and aggressively with
global climate change.
DTIC
Climate; Industries; Military Operations; Security; Strategy
20040111744 Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA
Applicability of Low-Impact Development in the Urban Environment
Gorman, Cassie A.; Dec. 13, 2003; 47 pp.; In English
Report No.(s): AD-A425949; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A03, Hardcopy
As cities have developed more intensively over time, runoff of rainfall after storms has created significant flooding
problems. In some cases this runoff also has lead to health hazards with the spreading of disease. With the growth of these
problems, several potential solutions have emerged. One such set of solutions is Low Impact Development (LID) methods.
The focus of this paper is to determine the applicability of implementing LID stormwater management methods in urban areas
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