NASA Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports

the 0.5 muW/cm2 operational and visual performance ratings and those for the 5 and 50 muW/cm2 exposures. Approximately
75% of the survey responses indicated that subjects experienced adverse visual effects resulting in some degree of operational
difficulty when illuminated by low-level laser radiation. This study confirmed that the illumination of flight crewmembers with
laser radiation ≥ 0.5 MUW/cm2 is unacceptable in the LFZ.
DTIC
Eye (Anatomy); Laser Damage; Lasers; Safety
20040111490 Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA
Integrating Bioenergetic and Foraging Behavior: The Physiological Ecology of Larval Cod (Gadus morhua)
Ruzicka, James J.; Jun. 2004; 197 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): N0001-49-1-0684; OCE-9632606
Report No.(s): AD-A425457; MIT/WHOI-2004-07; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A09, Hardcopy
How do larval cod, Gadus morhua, balance foraging effort against the high cost of swimming in a viscous hydrodynamic
regime? A respirometry system was developed to measure the activity metabolism of individual larvae. The cost of swimming
was modeled as a power-performance relationship (energy expenditure as a function of swimming speed) and as the cost of
transport (the cost to travel a given distance). The cost of transport was high relative to juvenile and adult fish, but larvae swam
more efficiently as they grew and became better able to overcome viscous drag. A large-volume observation system was
developed to record foraging behavior in three dimensions. There are two phases of the saltatory search cycle used by larval
cod: the burst which serves to position larvae within a new search volume and the pause when larvae search for prey. Burst
characteristics did not change under different prey treatments, but pause duration increased while foraging capacity and
swimming activity decreased when prey were absent. Longer pause durations could reflect greater effort to visually process
each search volume when prey were difficult to find. Reduced swimming activity could also be an energy conservation strategy
under unfavorable foraging conditions. By applying the cost of swimming model to the observed swimming intensity of freely
foraging larvae, foraging activity was estimated to account for up to 80% of routine metabolism. A trophodynamic model was
developed incorporating observed foraging behavior and swimming costs to estimate the prey density required to cover all
metabolic demands. Small larvae (5mm) can survive on typical mean Georges Bank prey densities in mildly turbulent
conditions. Larger larbae (\g6mm) can survive even at high turbulence levels.
DTIC
Ecology; Energy Consumption; Estimates; Fishes; Larvae; Physiology; Stress (Physiology)
20040111741 Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia, PA
Effects of Sleep Loss and Jet-Lag in Operational Environments: Transitioning from Laoratory to Synthetic Task
Environments
Dinges, David F.; Apr. 30, 2004; 5 pp.; In English
Contract(s)/Grant(s): F49620-03-1-0245
Report No.(s): AD-A425928; AFRL-SR-AR-TR-04-0447; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy
This DURIP grant made possible important technological advances in the AFOSR PRET Center on Homeostatic and
Circadian Regulation of Wakefulness during Jet Lag and Sleep Deprivation: Effect of Wake-Promoting Countermeasures at
the University of Pennsylvania improving the capability to investigate the neurobehavioral deficits associated with fatigue
during performance. It provided the integrated systems for the ambulatory physiological measurement of sleep and sleepiness,
as well as cardiovascular physiology in healthy individuals performing UAV maneuvers on Predatory systems during alert and
fatigue conditions. This work is highly relevant to Air Force operations and DOD. In addition, DURIP funds allowed
acquisition of the Neuroscan system for the acquisition of EEG during Neuroimaging. This will permit studies of the areas
of brain activity relevant to understanding the effects of fatigue on performance. Thus the DURIP grant considerably
streamlined and expanded the PRET Center’s efforts to identify, evaluate and transition countermeasures to deficits associated
with sleep deprivatipn and jet lag.
DTIC
Jet Lag; Losses; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation
20040120976 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
Non-Invasive Method of Determining Absolute Intracranial Pressure
Yost, William T., Inventor; Cantrell, John H., Jr., Inventor; Hargens, Alan E., Inventor; August 10, 2004; 8 pp.; In English;
Original contains black and white illustrations; US-Patent-6,773,407; US-Patent-Appl-SN-263286;
US-Patent-Appl-SN-371601; NASA-Case-LAR-16510-1; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy
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