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ii The Eyes Medical Advisory Review Panel Kyra J. Becker, M.D. James C. Blair, III, PA-C Alexa Fleckenstein, M.D. Nancy A. Lewis, Pharm.D. Gary R. McClain, Ph.D. Maureen Ann Mooney, M.D. Margaret J. Neff, M.D., M.Sc. Maureen Pelletier, M.D., C.C.N., F.A.C.O.G. Otelio S. Randall, M.D., F.A.C.C. Susan D. Reed, M.D., M.P.H. Jerry Richard Shields, M.D. Christina M. Surawicz, M.D. Denise L. Wych, R.N., C.M. Editorial Staff James Chambers, General Editor Lee Ann Chearney, Book Producer Deborah S. Romaine, Senior Writer Candace B. Levy, Ph.D., ELS, Copyeditor Cathy Jewell, Proofreader Wendy Frost, Medical Illustrator
The Eyes iii THE FACTS ON FILE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEALTH AND MEDICINE IN FOUR VOLUMES: VOLUME 2 An Amaranth Book
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How to go to your page This eBook c
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ii The Eyes Medical Advisory Review
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iv The Eyes To your health! The inf
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vi The Eyes
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viii Foreword choices that are righ
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x How to Use the section “The Gas
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xii How to Use The Facts On File En
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xiv Preface among the skin cells, h
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xvi The Eyes
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The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat 3
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The Ear, Nose, Mouth, and Throat 5
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A acoustic neuroma A noncancerous t
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audiologic assessment 9 quencies of
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B barotrauma Damage to the structur
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oken nose 13 the NOSE generates sig
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cleaning the ear 15 within the cana
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cold sore 17 them, line the fluid-f
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croup 19 throat or lung cancer. A d
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Although epiglottitis can affect pe
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eustachian tube 23 esophageal speec
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G gag reflex A rapid and intense co
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One other style, the body hearing a
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hearing loss 29 ductive hearing los
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L labyrinthitis An INFLAMMATION or
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M mastoiditis An INFECTION in the m
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myringotomy 35 quency of episodes b
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nose 37 Most hearing experts agree
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0 obstructive sleep apnea A disorde
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otoscopy 41 otoplasty Surgery to al
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ototoxicity 43 perforation, deformi
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presbycusis 45 pharyngitis INFLAMMA
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R rhinoplasty Plastic surgery to re
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S salivary glands Structures within
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sinusitis 51 sign language A nonver
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Risk Factors and Preventive Measure
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swallowing disorders 55 LOSS, neuro
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T toothache PAIN in a tooth or in t
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tympanoplasty 59 dots. The infectio
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vestibular neuronitis 61 The nerve
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vocal cords 63 vocal cord nodule A
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THE EYES The eyes conduct the funct
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68 The Eyes produce aqueous humor.
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A age-related macular degeneration
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72 The Eyes EYE CHANGES OF AGING AN
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B black eye Bleeding into the tissu
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76 The Eyes Learning each variation
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78 The Eyes Gradual loss of vision
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80 The Eyes color deficiency A VISI
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82 The Eyes Corneal transplantation
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84 The Eyes cause corneal ABRASIONS
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86 The Eyes See also AGING, VISION
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88 The Eyes enucleation Surgical re
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90 The Eyes from scratchy irritatio
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G 92 glaucoma A serious and progres
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94 The Eyes medication therapy. Sur
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H hordeolum A bacterial INFECTION o
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98 The Eyes complete VISION IMPAIRM
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L-M lens The primary focusing struc
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N nearsightedness See MYOPIA. night
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104 The Eyes health of the EYE and
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106 The Eyes People who smoke cigar
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108 The Eyes • INFECTION, such as
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110 The Eyes Another type of ocular
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112 The Eyes HEALING phase. PRK is
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114 The Eyes • blurred vision •
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116 The Eyes and as a manifestation
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118 The Eyes intensity of the light
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120 The Eyes involve both eyes as t
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122 The Eyes • eyeglasses (polyca
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124 The Eyes eye. Recovery from unc
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The Integumentary System 127 Renewa
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The Integumentary System 129 Deep a
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A acne INFLAMMATION of the SKIN’s
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actinic keratosis 133 and scrubbing
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albinism 135 sity to accumulate fat
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alopecia 137 tions. Common forms of
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B baldness bedsore See ALOPECIA. Se
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ulla 141 causes them to occur, ther
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C callus An accumulation of keratoc
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corns 145 uses a phenol solution to
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D dandruff A common symptom in whic
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dermatitis 149 Symptoms and Diagnos
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Treatment Options and Outlook Antih
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dry skin 153 which lesions can atta
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Prompt medical attention is essenti
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erythrasma 157 viewed under ultravi
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frostbite 159 as the doctor directs
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granuloma telangiectaticum 161 erec
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hair replacement 163 metic procedur
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hyperhidrosis 165 Treatment Options
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jock itch 167 cle, causing INFLAMMA
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Kaposi’s sarcoma 169 ENDOSCOPY ca
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keratosis pilaris 171 bumps on the
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lichen simplex chronicus A SKIN con
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M macule A small SKIN LESION that i
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N-O nails The hardened epidermal la
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onychomycosis 179 areas where cloth
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pediculosis 181 CHARACTERISTICS OF
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photosensitivity 183 Treatment Opti
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pilonidal disease 185 some point. W
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pruritus 187 tions that allow scrat
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R rash A general term for a broad r
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osacea 193 • CAFFEINE and ALCOHOL
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skin 195 The palms of the hands and
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skin cancer 197 structure or the SE
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skin self-examination 199 • allog
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sun protection 201 The keratinocyte
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T-U tattoos A form of body art in w
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urticaria 205 tinea versicolor is n
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V vesicle A small, blisterlike LESI
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W-X wart A growth, typically rough
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xanthoma 211 • limit sun exposure
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The Nervous System 215 tional divis
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The Nervous System 217 because only
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The Nervous System 219 There is gre
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Alzheimer’s disease 221 final sta
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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apraxia 225 measures that provide t
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athetosis 227 the ability to walk f
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lood-brain barrier 229 include anti
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ain 231 • basal ganglia, collecti
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ain hemorrhage Significant loss of
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ain tumor 235 apparent for weeks to
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ain tumor 237 nium). Deeper tumors
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cerebral palsy 239 the spastic musc
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chorea 241 is especially effective
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cognitive function and dysfunction
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consciousness 245 there are no outw
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cranial nerves 247 THE CRANIAL NERV
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) 249
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dementia 251 metabolic disruptions
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E electroencephalogram (EEG) A diag
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G-H Guillain-Barré syndrome A rare
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hydrocephaly 257 MATIC BRAIN INJURY
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lumbar puncture 259 FETAL ALCOHOL S
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memory and memory impairment 261 Th
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multiple sclerosis 263 CEREBROSPINA
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myoclonus 265 episodes of symptoms
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N-O narcolepsy A sleep disorder in
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neurofibromatosis 269 after ORGAN T
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neurotransmitter 271 NERVE (as in c
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organic brain syndrome 273 PHY (CT)
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Parkinson’s disease 275 to assess
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poliomyelitis 277 somatic NERVOUS S
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R reflex An involuntary response to
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S seizure disorders Abnormal discha
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spinal cord injury 283 women who ha
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stupor 285 ment except when vigorou
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traumatic brain injury (TBI) 287 To
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unconsciousness 289 medical care. T
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The Musculoskeletal System 293 tors
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The Musculoskeletal System 295 does
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A Achilles tendon A thick, strong b
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aging, musculoskeletal changes that
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ankle injuries 301 THERAPY, most pe
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arthrogryposis 303 maximum function
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athletic injuries 305 ally arise fr
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one 307 PATHIC MANIPULATIVE TREATME
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one cancer 309 smaller scale. Howev
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ursa 311 though may occur in condit
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C calcium and bone health The corre
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carpal tunnel syndrome 315 content
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease 3
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crepitus 319 congenital hip DYSPLAS
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fibromyalgia 321 8 to 12 weeks. Rec
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gout 323 to confirm stress fracture
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H hernia A separation or tear in th
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hip fracture in older adults 327
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joint replacement 329 spinal anesth
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knee injuries 331 COMMON KNEE INJUR
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L laminectomy A surgical OPERATION
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M-N Marfan syndrome A genetic disor
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muscular dystrophy 337 For further
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myopathy 339 cate muscle destructio
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O occupational therapy A therapeuti
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osteomyelitis 343 • Type 4 osteog
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osteoporosis 345 crowds out the BON
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osteoporosis 347 prevention efforts
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plantar fasciitis 349 of the knee),
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prosthetic limb 351 as PARKINSON’
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uptured disk 353 Typical symptoms o
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sprains and strains 355 posture. A
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synovitis 357 When diagnosis is ear
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tendonitis 359 temporomandibular di
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PAIN AND PAIN MANAGEMENT PAIN is an
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A acute pain PAIN that arises sudde
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Page 391 and 392: H headache PAIN perceived as coming
Page 393 and 394: headache 375 headache improves or g
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Page 407 and 408: W-Z weight and pain The influence o
Page 409 and 410: MEDICAL ADVISORY REVIEW PANEL Kyra
Page 411: Medical Advisory Review Panel 393 M
Page 414 and 415: 396 Index alphahydroxyl acid (AHA)
Page 416 and 417: 398 Index pain and pain management
Page 418 and 419: 400 Index corrective lenses 67, 82-
Page 420 and 421: 402 Index health and disorders of 6
Page 422 and 423: 404 Index IBD (inflammatory bowel d
Page 424 and 425: 406 Index skin cancer 196 sunburn 2
Page 426 and 427: 408 Index sneeze 54 nostrils 36 NSA
Page 428 and 429: 410 Index Propecia (finasteride) 13
Page 430 and 431: 412 Index somatic nervous system 21
Page 432 and 433: 414 Index uric acid 323-324 urinati
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Page 440 and 441: viii Foreword choices that are righ
Page 442 and 443: x How to Use the section “The Gas
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Page 452 and 453: 4 The Cardiovascular System the bod
Page 454 and 455: 6 The Cardiovascular System mon bir
Page 456 and 457: 8 The Cardiovascular System sis get
Page 458 and 459: 10 The Cardiovascular System and ma
Page 460 and 461: 12 The Cardiovascular System the co
Page 462 and 463: 14 The Cardiovascular System and ex
Page 464 and 465: 16 The Cardiovascular System Many p
Page 466 and 467: 18 The Cardiovascular System they r
Page 468 and 469: 20 The Cardiovascular System icant
Page 470 and 471: 22 The Cardiovascular System nostic
Page 472 and 473: B blood pressure The force BLOOD ex
Page 474 and 475: 26 The Cardiovascular System travel
Page 476 and 477: 28 The Cardiovascular System See al
Page 478 and 479: 30 The Cardiovascular System quence
Page 480 and 481: 32 The Cardiovascular System condit
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36 The Cardiovascular System culati
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38 The Cardiovascular System FORMS
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40 The Cardiovascular System Congen
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42 The Cardiovascular System spanni
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44 The Cardiovascular System cardia
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46 The Cardiovascular System See al
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48 The Cardiovascular System rior v
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50 The Cardiovascular System • ea
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52 The Cardiovascular System cal pa
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54 The Cardiovascular System can ca
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H heart The organ that pumps BLOOD
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58 The Cardiovascular System Depend
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62 The Cardiovascular System • PE
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64 The Cardiovascular System As wel
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66 The Cardiovascular System decrea
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68 The Cardiovascular System normal
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L left ventricular ejection fractio
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74 The Cardiovascular System cardio
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M 76 medications to treat cardiovas
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78 The Cardiovascular System COMMON
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80 The Cardiovascular System COMMON
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82 The Cardiovascular System Fibrat
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84 The Cardiovascular System hydral
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86 The Cardiovascular System Type o
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88 The Cardiovascular System have F
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90 The Cardiovascular System system
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92 The Cardiovascular System DISEAS
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94 The Cardiovascular System when t
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96 The Cardiovascular System ENDOCA
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98 The Cardiovascular System prescr
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100 The Cardiovascular System ARRHY
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102 The Cardiovascular System ally
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S sexual activity and cardiovascula
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106 The Cardiovascular System soy a
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108 The Cardiovascular System beyon
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T tachycardia See ARRHYTHMIA. tampo
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112 The Cardiovascular System uses
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114 The Cardiovascular System agula
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116 The Cardiovascular System The c
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THE BLOOD AND LYMPH The BLOOD and L
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120 The Blood and Lymph then migrat
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122 The Blood and Lymph MODERN THER
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124 The Blood and Lymph aged erythr
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126 The Blood and Lymph underlying
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128 The Blood and Lymph blood produ
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130 The Blood and Lymph and cross-m
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132 The Blood and Lymph foundation
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C Christmas disease See HEMOPHILIA.
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136 The Blood and Lymph in blood cl
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138 The Blood and Lymph erythrocyte
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H hematopoiesis The process through
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142 The Blood and Lymph blood back
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144 The Blood and Lymph develop ant
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146 The Blood and Lymph chronic leu
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148 The Blood and Lymph MYELOMA; SI
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150 The Blood and Lymph lymphangiom
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152 The Blood and Lymph See also B-
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154 The Blood and Lymph LYMPHOMA ST
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M-N megakaryocyte See BONE MARROW.
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158 The Blood and Lymph such as occ
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160 The Blood and Lymph experts to
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P phagocyte A white BLOOD cell (LEU
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164 The Blood and Lymph polycythemi
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166 The Blood and Lymph ens and har
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168 The Blood and Lymph splenectomy
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170 The Blood and Lymph aside from
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172 The Blood and Lymph dispenses t
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174 The Blood and Lymph molecular a
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The Pulmonary System 177 lobes of t
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The Pulmonary System 179 the respir
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A acute respiratory distress syndro
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apnea 183 of lung cancer in the Uni
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aspergillosis 185 The diagnostic pa
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asthma 187 CHEA (windpipe), injury
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asthma 189 MEDICATIONS TO TREAT AST
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auscultation 191 may not be possibl
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eathing 193 inflammation. However,
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onchiectasis 195 • wheezes, stead
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onchus 197 The most effective treat
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C-E chest percussion and postural d
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cystic fibrosis and the lungs 201 e
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emphysema 203 THE HEIMLICH MANEUVER
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interstitial lung disorders 205 tio
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living with chronic pulmonary condi
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lung cancer 209 BASIC STAGING OF NO
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lung cancer 211 regarding staging a
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lung transplantation 213 cules foll
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middle lobe syndrome 215 tion the t
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oxygen therapy 217 components, an e
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pneumoconiosis 219 Upon AUSCULTATIO
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pneumonia 221 Pathogens that can ca
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pulmonary edema 223 secondary INFEC
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pulmonary embolism 225 typically th
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R rales See BREATH SOUNDS. respirat
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S silicosis An obstructive conditio
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sufffocation 231 Lung Cancer Cigare
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trachea 233 In lung transplantation
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Structures of the Immune System LYM
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The Immune System and Allergies 237
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A active immunity Long-term, acquir
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allergic dermatitis 241 EYE irritat
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allergy 243 Such medications typica
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antibody 245 kit, which contains a
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How These Medications Work Antihist
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autoimmune disorders 249 ROSING CHO
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B B-cell lymphocyte A type of white
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C cell-mediated immunity The protec
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complement cascade 255 common varia
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cytokines 257 sprays. Generally, co
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disease-modifying antirheumatic dru
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food allergies 261 Symptoms and Dia
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G gammaglobulin A solution of immun
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gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GAL
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human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) 267
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Symptoms and Diagnostic Path Sympto
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hypersensitivity reaction 271 Risk
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immunity An established base of pro
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immunosuppressive medications 275 A
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innate immunity 277 • MONOCLONAL
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L leukotrienes Molecules that insti
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lymphokines 281 BLOOD cell) to dire
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mononuclear phagocyte system 283 ma
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multiple chemical sensitivity syndr
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nose-associated lymphoid tissue (NA
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P-R partial combined immunodeficien
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Treatment Options and Outlook Treat
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S-T sarcoidosis An inflammatory dis
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) 297 o
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vasculitis 299 which contains mercu
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vasculitis 301 Type of Vasculitis U
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES Infectious dise
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Infectious Diseases 305 Microbes an
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antibiotic medications 307 may sust
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anthrax 309 spectrum antifungals ar
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B babesiosis An illness that result
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otulism 313 The diagnostic path inc
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chickenpox 315 balance. They are vi
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cholera 317 chlamydia Illness resul
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cryptococcosis 319 for infection th
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cytomegalovirus (CMV) 321 detect th
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Epstein-Barr virus 323 older childr
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Escherichia coli infection 325 of p
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genital herpes 327 • thoroughly c
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gonorrhea 329 may recommend CESAREA
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H hantavirus pulmonary syndrome An
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HIV/AIDS 333 See also AGING, EFFECT
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human ehrlichiosis 335 compromise t
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human papillomavirus (HPV) 337 TOPI
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L-M listeriosis An illness that res
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meningitis 343 Early treatment with
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mumps 345 • abdominal tenderness
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opportunistic infection 347 cannot
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prion 349 of the cough, though cult
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ubella 351 effective against R. ric
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smallpox 353 Treatment is with ANTI
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syphilis 355 tend to wait for the t
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T toxic shock syndrome A systemic I
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tuberculosis 359 tuberculosis An il
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V-W virus An infectious PATHOGEN th
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waterborne illnesses 363 industrial
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Cancer 365 Most are chemicals or so
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alternative and complementary remed
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BRCA-1/BRCA-2 369 type of tissue wh
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cancer treatment options and decisi
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carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 373
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chemotherapy 375 See also ADENOMA;
Page 825 and 826:
coping with cancer 377 tions in the
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diet and cancer 379 FOODS THAT SUPP
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H hormone-driven cancers Types of c
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lifestyle and cancer 383 (CVD) and
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oncogenes 385 naling proteins, act
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pain management in cancer 387 assoc
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adiation therapy 389 of their cance
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S sarcoma Cancer that arises from c
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surgery for cancer 393 case with tr
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T tumor markers Molecules, often pr
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tumor suppressor genes 397 See also
Page 847 and 848:
MEDICAL ADVISORY REVIEW PANEL Kyra
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Medical Advisory Review Panel 401 M
Page 852 and 853:
404 Index myelofibrosis 160 sickle
Page 854 and 855:
406 Index omega fatty acids and car
Page 856 and 857:
408 Index angioedema 245 apnea 183
Page 858 and 859:
410 Index immunodeficiency 274 tumo
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412 Index diabetes and cardiovascul
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414 Index H Haemophilus influenzae
Page 864 and 865:
416 Index human leukocyte antigens
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418 Index immunotherapy 274, 276-27
Page 868 and 869:
420 Index alveolus 183 anthracosis
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422 Index neuropathy 342, 356, 376
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424 Index polymorphonuclear (PMN) c
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426 Index splenomegaly 143, 160, 16
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428 Index blood vessels 4-5 cardiov
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vi The Eyes
Page 884 and 885:
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xiv Preface The Reproductive System
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xvi The Eyes
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The Gastrointestinal System 3 pancr
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The Gastrointestinal System 5 Lifes
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The Gastrointestinal System 7 ders,
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achalasia 9 See also ABDOMINAL PAIN
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antacids 11 The most common cause o
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antiemetic medications 13 CAFFEINE
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appendix A small, fingerlike projec
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B barium enema A diagnostic imaging
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ilirubin 19 sis, in which gallstone
Page 913 and 914:
C cecum The first segment of the CO
Page 915 and 916:
cholestasis 23 erative infection. T
Page 917 and 918:
colitis 25 • GYNECOMASTIA (enlarg
Page 919 and 920:
colonoscopy 27 mize discomfort and
Page 921 and 922:
colorectal cancer 29 Sigmoidoscopy
Page 923 and 924:
colostomy 31 diligent attention. Ca
Page 925 and 926:
cyclic vomiting syndrome 33 These m
Page 927 and 928:
diverticular disease A chronic cond
Page 929 and 930:
dyspepsia 37 absorb the nutrient mo
Page 931 and 932:
endoscopy 39 Procedure Description
Page 933 and 934:
esophageal varices 41 getting stuck
Page 935 and 936:
F familial adenomatous polyposis (F
Page 937 and 938:
flatulence 45 performing the tests
Page 939 and 940:
gallbladder disease 47 Symptoms and
Page 941 and 942:
gastroenteritis 49 wall) reduces th
Page 943 and 944:
gastrointestinal bleeding 51 TREATM
Page 945 and 946:
H heartburn See DYSPEPSIA. 53 Helic
Page 947 and 948:
hepatitis 55 percent of hepatitis c
Page 949 and 950:
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal
Page 951 and 952:
H2 antagonist (blocker) medications
Page 953 and 954:
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 61
Page 955 and 956:
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) 63
Page 957 and 958:
irritable bowel syndroms (IBS) 65 b
Page 959 and 960:
kernicterus 67 from high levels of
Page 961 and 962:
liver cancer 69 and does not contra
Page 963 and 964:
Symptoms and Diagnostic Path The sy
Page 965 and 966:
liver function tests 73 months. Rep
Page 967 and 968:
liver transplantation 75 • alkali
Page 969 and 970:
M-N malabsorption Inadequate absorp
Page 971 and 972:
P pancreas An elongated gland with
Page 973 and 974:
peptic ulcer disease 81 Symptoms an
Page 975 and 976:
portal hypertension 83 Symptoms oft
Page 977 and 978:
proton pump inhibitor (PPI) medicat
Page 979 and 980:
ectum 87 See also ANAL FISSURE; CON
Page 981 and 982:
steatohepatitis Fatty deposits thro
Page 983 and 984:
stomach cancer 91 after eating, and
Page 985 and 986:
T-Z toxic megacolon A serious condi
Page 987 and 988:
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 95 Thoug
Page 990 and 991:
98 The Endocrine System Endocrine S
Page 992 and 993:
100 The Endocrine System dysfunctio
Page 994 and 995:
102 The Endocrine System UAL CHARAC
Page 996 and 997:
A acromegaly A condition in which t
Page 998 and 999:
106 The Endocrine System the ideal
Page 1000 and 1001:
108 The Endocrine System adrenal gl
Page 1002 and 1003:
110 The Endocrine System A history
Page 1004 and 1005:
112 The Endocrine System Aldosteron
Page 1006 and 1007:
114 The Endocrine System condition
Page 1008 and 1009:
116 The Endocrine System STRESS RES
Page 1010 and 1011:
118 The Endocrine System them. Endo
Page 1012 and 1013:
120 The Endocrine System frequently
Page 1014 and 1015:
122 The Endocrine System sulfonylur
Page 1016 and 1017:
124 The Endocrine System See also H
Page 1018 and 1019:
126 The Endocrine System In the bra
Page 1020 and 1021:
G gastric inhibitive polypeptide (G
Page 1022 and 1023:
130 The Endocrine System common cau
Page 1024 and 1025:
132 The Endocrine System release GR
Page 1026 and 1027:
134 The Endocrine System health con
Page 1028 and 1029:
136 The Endocrine System Pharmaceut
Page 1030 and 1031:
138 The Endocrine System cause of h
Page 1032 and 1033:
140 The Endocrine System When T 3 a
Page 1034 and 1035:
142 The Endocrine System though som
Page 1036 and 1037:
144 The Endocrine System or more of
Page 1038 and 1039:
146 The Endocrine System The thyroi
Page 1040 and 1041:
I inhibin A peptide HORMONE the cor
Page 1042 and 1043:
150 The Endocrine System hormones t
Page 1044 and 1045:
152 The Endocrine System • MEN-2b
Page 1046 and 1047:
154 The Endocrine System of vitamin
Page 1048 and 1049:
156 The Endocrine System posterior
Page 1050 and 1051:
R-S relaxin A peptide HORMONE with
Page 1052 and 1053:
T testosterone A steroid HORMONE th
Page 1054 and 1055:
162 The Endocrine System Risk Facto
Page 1056 and 1057:
164 The Endocrine System (scarred)
Page 1058 and 1059:
166 The Endocrine System thyrotropi
Page 1060 and 1061:
168 The Endocrine System FOODS HIGH
Page 1063 and 1064:
The Urinary System 171 end to end i
Page 1065 and 1066:
The Urinary System 173 channels the
Page 1067 and 1068:
A aging, urinary system changes tha
Page 1069 and 1070:
azotemia 177 early childhood, typic
Page 1071 and 1072:
ladder cancer 179 function please s
Page 1073 and 1074:
ladder cancer 181 • transurethral
Page 1075 and 1076:
C-D cystinuria An inherited genetic
Page 1077 and 1078:
cystourethrogram 185 tial cystitis
Page 1079 and 1080:
E-F end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Page 1081 and 1082:
Fanconi’s syndrome 189 extracorpo
Page 1083 and 1084:
G glomerulonephritis INFLAMMATION o
Page 1085 and 1086:
Goodpasture’s syndrome 193 See al
Page 1087 and 1088:
horseshoe kidney A random CONGENITA
Page 1089 and 1090:
hypospadias 197 Other causes of hyp
Page 1091 and 1092:
K Kegel exercises A series of exerc
Page 1093 and 1094:
kidneys 201 proceed only when the a
Page 1095 and 1096:
kidney transplantation 203 shortage
Page 1097 and 1098:
M-O Medicare coverage for permanent
Page 1099 and 1100:
nephritis 207 TION THERAPY after su
Page 1101 and 1102:
nephropathy 209 ing the urine to ca
Page 1103 and 1104:
nephrotoxins 211 • frothy URINE d
Page 1105 and 1106:
oliguria 213 oliguria Significantly
Page 1107 and 1108:
R renal cancer The growth of a mali
Page 1109 and 1110:
enal dialysis 217 long term. Though
Page 1111 and 1112:
enal tubular acidosis (RTA) 219 Sym
Page 1113 and 1114:
U uremia A serious condition in whi
Page 1115 and 1116:
urinary diversion 223 dures are nec
Page 1117 and 1118:
urinary tract infection (UTI) 225 o
Page 1119 and 1120:
urolithiasis 227 liters of urine; m
Page 1121 and 1122:
V vesicoureteral reflux A condition
Page 1123 and 1124:
W Wilms’s tumor A malignant (canc
Page 1125:
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The organs
Page 1129 and 1130:
The Reproductive System 237 strual
Page 1131 and 1132:
The Reproductive System 239 cantly
Page 1133 and 1134:
adoption 241 See also BIRTH DEFECTS
Page 1135 and 1136:
amniocentesis A diagnostic procedur
Page 1137 and 1138:
assisted reproductive technology (A
Page 1139 and 1140:
assisted reproductive technology (A
Page 1141 and 1142:
east 249 • hesitation when urinat
Page 1143 and 1144:
east cancer 251 process, called ove
Page 1145 and 1146:
eastfeeding 253 CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS
Page 1147 and 1148:
east self-examination 255 Women who
Page 1149 and 1150:
cervical cancer 257 The diagnostic
Page 1151 and 1152:
cesarean section 259 Treatment Opti
Page 1153 and 1154:
childbirth 261 Outlook and Lifestyl
Page 1155 and 1156:
circumcision 263 whether, with seve
Page 1157 and 1158:
contraception 265 COMMON METHODS OF
Page 1159 and 1160:
cryptorchidism 267 alter the enviro
Page 1161 and 1162:
dysmenorrhea 269 may include HOT FL
Page 1163 and 1164:
E eclampsia A potentially life-thre
Page 1165 and 1166:
endometrial cancer 273 gastrointest
Page 1167 and 1168:
endometrial hyperplasia 275 Risk Fa
Page 1169 and 1170:
episiotomy A surgical incision thro
Page 1171 and 1172:
erectile dysfunction 279 • DIABET
Page 1173 and 1174:
F fallopian tubes A pair of narrow
Page 1175 and 1176:
fetus 283 Though a woman retains fe
Page 1177 and 1178:
fibrocystic breast disease 285 woma
Page 1179 and 1180:
G genitalia The collective term for
Page 1181 and 1182:
gynecomastia 289 five women who has
Page 1183 and 1184:
hysterectomy 291 examination of the
Page 1185 and 1186:
I 293 infertility The inability to
Page 1187 and 1188:
intraductal papilloma 295 productio
Page 1189 and 1190:
libido 297 Hormone supplementation
Page 1191 and 1192:
mastitis 299 of the surgery. Women
Page 1193 and 1194:
menopause 301 woman’s FERTILITY.
Page 1195 and 1196:
menstrual cycle 303 Estrogen is als
Page 1197 and 1198:
morning sickness 305 bacteria as we
Page 1199 and 1200:
O oophorectomy A surgical OPERATION
Page 1201 and 1202:
ovarian cancer 309 tip of the PENIS
Page 1203 and 1204:
ovarian cancer 311 BASIC STAGING OF
Page 1205 and 1206:
ovaries 313 CYCLE. Ovarian cysts ar
Page 1207 and 1208:
P-R Paget’s disease of the breast
Page 1209 and 1210:
penis 317 procedures. The doctor cl
Page 1211 and 1212:
placenta 319 tissue and surgery to
Page 1213 and 1214:
pregnancy 321 the effectiveness of
Page 1215 and 1216:
premature ovarian failure (POF) 323
Page 1217 and 1218:
Page 1219 and 1220:
prostate cancer 327 the prospective
Page 1221 and 1222:
prostate cancer 329 GLEASON PATTERN
Page 1223 and 1224:
prostatectomy 331 PROSTATECTOMY. Th
Page 1225 and 1226:
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) 333
Page 1227 and 1228:
etrograde ejaculation 335 Puberty b
Page 1229 and 1230:
S scrotum The saclike structure, a
Page 1231 and 1232:
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs
Page 1233 and 1234:
sperm 341 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISE
Page 1235 and 1236:
T testicles The paired male organs,
Page 1237 and 1238:
testicular cancer 345 The diagnosti
Page 1239 and 1240:
Risks and Complications As with any
Page 1241 and 1242:
U umbilical cord The entwinement of
Page 1243 and 1244:
uterus 351 remove the uterus (HYSTE
Page 1245 and 1246:
varicocele 353 HEALTH CONDITIONS TH
Page 1247 and 1248:
vulvodynia 355 eventually reabsorbs
Page 1249 and 1250:
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND PSYCHOLOG
Page 1251 and 1252:
A acute stress disorder A dissociat
Page 1253 and 1254:
antidepressant medications 361 fere
Page 1255 and 1256:
antipsychotic medications 363 condu
Page 1257 and 1258:
autism 365 the child that shapes be
Page 1259 and 1260:
ody dysmorphic disorder 367 continu
Page 1261 and 1262:
C cognitive therapy A therapy appro
Page 1263 and 1264:
D delusion A false perception or be
Page 1265 and 1266:
dysthymic disorder 373 hood at a ti
Page 1267 and 1268:
factitious disorders 375 esteem iss
Page 1269 and 1270:
M-O mania A psychotic disorder of e
Page 1271 and 1272:
P panic disorder A psychologic cond
Page 1273 and 1274:
psychotherapy 381 who have PTSD und
Page 1275 and 1276:
sleep disorders 383 • lack of emo
Page 1277 and 1278:
suicidal ideation and suicide 385 c
Page 1279 and 1280:
MEDICAL ADVISORY REVIEW PANEL Kyra
Page 1281:
Medical Advisory Review Panel 389 M
Page 1284 and 1285:
392 Index albuminuria 176, 177, 191
Page 1286 and 1287:
394 Index Barrett’s esophagus 17-
Page 1288 and 1289:
396 Index nephropathy 210 nephrotox
Page 1290 and 1291:
398 Index F factitious disorders 37
Page 1292 and 1293:
400 Index prostate cancer 327 hormo
Page 1294 and 1295:
402 Index aging, gastrointestinal c
Page 1296 and 1297:
404 Index obsessive-compulsive diso
Page 1298 and 1299:
406 Index hormone 135 LH 151 ovarie
Page 1300 and 1301:
408 Index testicles 343 testosteron
Page 1302 and 1303:
410 Index diabetes insipidus 122, 1
Page 1304 and 1305:
Page 1306 and 1307:
Page 1308 and 1309:
vi Contents III. Glossary of Medica
Page 1310 and 1311:
Page 1312 and 1313:
Page 1314 and 1315:
Page 1316 and 1317:
xiv Preface Human Relations Humans
Page 1318 and 1319:
2 Preventive Medicine Public Health
Page 1320 and 1321:
4 Preventive Medicine and tuberculo
Page 1322 and 1323:
6 Preventive Medicine age 65 and ol
Page 1324 and 1325:
8 Preventive Medicine among health-
Page 1326 and 1327:
10 Preventive Medicine COMMON BIRTH
Page 1328 and 1329:
12 Preventive Medicine Medication T
Page 1330 and 1331:
C cancer prevention CANCER claims m
Page 1332 and 1333:
16 Preventive Medicine FORMS OF CAR
Page 1334 and 1335:
18 Preventive Medicine These infras
Page 1336 and 1337:
20 Preventive Medicine Contaminant
Page 1338 and 1339:
E-F environmental hazard exposure N
Page 1340 and 1341:
24 Preventive Medicine cantly reduc
Page 1342 and 1343:
H hand washing Frequent hand washin
Page 1344 and 1345:
28 Preventive Medicine begin to det
Page 1346 and 1347:
30 Preventive Medicine health organ
Page 1348 and 1349:
32 Preventive Medicine Hepatitis C
Page 1350 and 1351:
I indoor air quality The average Am
Page 1352 and 1353:
36 Preventive Medicine • children
Page 1354 and 1355:
38 Preventive Medicine respect to t
Page 1356 and 1357:
40 Preventive Medicine state laws m
Page 1358 and 1359:
42 Preventive Medicine emergency me
Page 1360 and 1361:
44 Preventive Medicine even more. O
Page 1362 and 1363:
S-Y sexually transmitted disease (S
Page 1364 and 1365:
48 Preventive Medicine from both. O
Page 1366 and 1367:
50 Preventive Medicine • Children
Page 1368 and 1369:
52 Alternative and Complementary Ap
Page 1370 and 1371:
Page 1372 and 1373:
A acupuncture A HEALING method in w
Page 1374 and 1375:
Page 1376 and 1377:
B bilberry A plant (Vaccinium myrti
Page 1378 and 1379:
C chamomile An herb, Matricaria rec
Page 1380 and 1381:
Page 1382 and 1383:
D-F dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) A
Page 1384 and 1385:
Page 1386 and 1387:
Page 1388 and 1389:
Page 1390 and 1391:
Page 1392 and 1393:
Page 1394 and 1395:
Page 1396 and 1397:
Page 1398 and 1399:
Page 1400 and 1401:
Page 1402 and 1403:
Page 1404 and 1405:
Page 1406 and 1407:
Page 1408 and 1409:
Page 1410 and 1411:
P-R phytoestrogens Plant-based ESTR
Page 1412 and 1413:
Page 1414 and 1415:
Page 1416 and 1417:
100 Alternative and Complementary A
Page 1418 and 1419:
Page 1420 and 1421:
V valerian A medicinal herb (Valeri
Page 1422 and 1423:
Y-Z yoga A 5,000-year old practice
Page 1424 and 1425:
Page 1426 and 1427:
110 Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Page 1428 and 1429:
Page 1430 and 1431:
Page 1432 and 1433:
Page 1434 and 1435:
Page 1436 and 1437:
Page 1438 and 1439:
D DNA The abbreviation for deoxyrib
Page 1440 and 1441:
E-F Edwards syndrome An AUTOSOMAL T
Page 1442 and 1443:
Page 1444 and 1445:
Page 1446 and 1447:
Page 1448 and 1449:
H-K Human Genome Project A collabor
Page 1450 and 1451:
M-N mitochondrial disorders Inherit
Page 1452 and 1453:
P-R Patau’s syndrome An AUTOSOMAL
Page 1454 and 1455:
Page 1456 and 1457:
S senescence The gradual and progre
Page 1458 and 1459:
T-Z Tay-Sachs disease An inherited
Page 1460 and 1461:
Page 1462 and 1463:
146 Drugs The Pure Food and Drugs A
Page 1464 and 1465:
A adverse drug reaction An undesire
Page 1466 and 1467:
150 Drugs See also APOPTOSIS; NEURO
Page 1468 and 1469:
152 Drugs antivenin A serum product
Page 1470 and 1471:
154 Drugs body produces) that parti
Page 1472 and 1473:
156 Drugs This Drug In Combination
Page 1474 and 1475:
E-I efficacy The ability of a DRUG
Page 1476 and 1477:
160 Drugs restricted approval for u
Page 1478 and 1479:
162 Drugs substitution maintains th
Page 1480 and 1481:
164 Drugs unappealing to pharmaceut
Page 1482 and 1483:
166 Drugs requiring LIVER TRANSPLAN
Page 1484 and 1485:
P-S peak level The maximum concentr
Page 1486 and 1487:
170 Drugs tered by transdermal patc
Page 1488 and 1489:
T therapeutic equivalence In pharma
Page 1490 and 1491:
NUTRITION AND DIET The science of n
Page 1492 and 1493:
A aging, nutrition and dietary chan
Page 1494 and 1495:
178 Nutrition and Diet The hunger c
Page 1496 and 1497:
180 Nutrition and Diet subside. Car
Page 1498 and 1499:
D-H diet and health The effects foo
Page 1500 and 1501:
184 Nutrition and Diet Hunger sends
Page 1502 and 1503:
186 Nutrition and Diet excessive nu
Page 1504 and 1505:
188 Nutrition and Diet Mineral Majo
Page 1506 and 1507:
N nutrient density The nutritional
Page 1508 and 1509:
192 Nutrition and Diet configuratio
Page 1510 and 1511:
194 Nutrition and Diet nutritional
Page 1512 and 1513:
196 Nutrition and Diet physical exe
Page 1514 and 1515:
P-R parenteral nutrition The intrav
Page 1516 and 1517:
200 Nutrition and Diet ticipate in
Page 1518 and 1519:
202 Nutrition and Diet tain vitamin
Page 1520 and 1521:
V vitamins and health Vitamins are
Page 1522 and 1523:
206 Nutrition and Diet alcoholism,
Page 1524 and 1525:
208 Nutrition and Diet ESSENTIAL VI
Page 1526 and 1527:
FITNESS: EXERCISE AND HEALTH Exerci
Page 1528 and 1529:
212 Fitness: Exercise and Health em
Page 1530 and 1531:
214 Fitness: Exercise and Health ha
Page 1532 and 1533:
216 Fitness: Exercise and Health ph
Page 1534 and 1535:
218 Fitness: Exercise and Health se
Page 1536 and 1537:
D-E disability and exercise Regular
Page 1538 and 1539:
F fitness level The ability of the
Page 1540 and 1541:
224 Fitness: Exercise and Health of
Page 1542 and 1543:
226 Fitness: Exercise and Health co
Page 1544 and 1545:
P-R physical activity recommendatio
Page 1546 and 1547:
230 Fitness: Exercise and Health mi
Page 1548 and 1549:
232 Fitness: Exercise and Health ea
Page 1550 and 1551:
234 Fitness: Exercise and Health th
Page 1552 and 1553:
236 Fitness: Exercise and Health WA
Page 1554 and 1555:
HUMAN RELATIONS The area of human r
Page 1556 and 1557:
A adolescence The stage of emotiona
Page 1558 and 1559:
C child abuse Actions by parents an
Page 1560 and 1561:
D-E domestic violence Actions and b
Page 1562 and 1563:
246 Human Relations well-being of t
Page 1564 and 1565:
248 Human Relations Though the grie
Page 1566 and 1567:
250 Human Relations peer pressure T
Page 1568 and 1569:
252 Human Relations • do not cons
Page 1570 and 1571:
254 Human Relations The calming eff
Page 1572 and 1573:
256 Human Relations heavy workloads
Page 1574 and 1575:
258 Surgery first choice for numero
Page 1576 and 1577:
A-E ambulatory surgery Surgery, som
Page 1578 and 1579:
262 Surgery full consciousness retu
Page 1580 and 1581:
264 Surgery surgery begins. Fluid e
Page 1582 and 1583:
266 Surgery TYPES OF SURGICAL LASER
Page 1584 and 1585:
O open surgery Any surgical OPERATI
Page 1586 and 1587:
270 Surgery Surgical Operation THOR
Page 1588 and 1589:
272 Surgery episode of acute reject
Page 1590 and 1591:
P patient controlled analgesia (PCA
Page 1592 and 1593:
276 Surgery chilled and to experien
Page 1594 and 1595:
278 Surgery Surgery Risks All opera
Page 1596 and 1597:
W wound care The care necessary, in
Page 1598 and 1599:
LIFESTYLE VARIABLES: SMOKING AND OB
Page 1600 and 1601:
A-B abdominal adiposity The accumul
Page 1602 and 1603:
286 Lifestyle Variables: Smoking an
Page 1604 and 1605:
Page 1606 and 1607:
Page 1608 and 1609:
Page 1610 and 1611:
Page 1612 and 1613:
Page 1614 and 1615:
Page 1616 and 1617:
Page 1618 and 1619:
Page 1620 and 1621:
Page 1622 and 1623:
T-U tobacco use other than smoking
Page 1624 and 1625:
W waist circumference The distance
Page 1626 and 1627:
Page 1628 and 1629:
312 Substance Abuse Drug Name ALKYL
Page 1630 and 1631:
A addiction A pattern of lifestyle
Page 1632 and 1633:
316 Substance Abuse health and soci
Page 1634 and 1635:
318 Substance Abuse leading health
Page 1636 and 1637:
320 Substance Abuse diagnosis on th
Page 1638 and 1639:
322 Substance Abuse Therapeutic use
Page 1640 and 1641:
324 Substance Abuse brain that caus
Page 1642 and 1643:
C caffeine A CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Page 1644 and 1645:
328 Substance Abuse ral hydrate may
Page 1646 and 1647:
D delirium tremens A serious medica
Page 1648 and 1649:
332 Substance Abuse As substances o
Page 1650 and 1651:
E-G ecstasy See METHYLENEDIOXYMETHA
Page 1652 and 1653:
336 Substance Abuse Surgeon General
Page 1654 and 1655:
338 Substance Abuse ingestion are c
Page 1656 and 1657:
I illicit drug use Any use of subst
Page 1658 and 1659:
K-M ketamine An intravenous anesthe
Page 1660 and 1661:
N naltrexone A medication to treat
Page 1662 and 1663:
346 Substance Abuse EPINEPHRINE in
Page 1664 and 1665:
348 Substance Abuse Because numerou
Page 1666 and 1667:
S sobriety The state of abstinence
Page 1668 and 1669:
352 Substance Abuse as help stabili
Page 1670 and 1671:
354 Substance Abuse In the context
Page 1672 and 1673:
356 Emergency and First Aid Rule Tw
Page 1674 and 1675:
358 Emergency and First Aid minimal
Page 1676 and 1677:
360 Emergency and First Aid 3. Is t
Page 1678 and 1679:
362 Emergency and First Aid Site an
Page 1680 and 1681:
364 Emergency and First Aid approac
Page 1682 and 1683:
366 Emergency and First Aid • Cha
Page 1684 and 1685:
Drowning More than 4,000 Americans
Page 1686 and 1687:
370 Emergency and First Aid has tra
Page 1688 and 1689:
372 Emergency and First Aid See als
Page 1690 and 1691:
Heat and Cold Injuries Heat and col
Page 1692 and 1693:
376 Emergency and First Aid Organ s
Page 1694 and 1695:
378 Emergency and First Aid the sit
Page 1696 and 1697:
380 Emergency and First Aid cant in
Page 1698 and 1699:
382 Emergency and First Aid for up
Page 1700 and 1701:
384 Emergency and First Aid lar, ki
Page 1702 and 1703:
Radiation and Biochemical Injuries
Page 1704 and 1705:
388 Appendix I
Page 1706 and 1707:
APPENDIX II ADVANCE DIRECTIVES Adva
Page 1708 and 1709:
392 Appendix III images during diag
Page 1710 and 1711:
APPENDIX IV ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBO
Page 1712 and 1713:
396 Appendix IV MAb (Mab) monoclona
Page 1714 and 1715:
APPENDIX V MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND
Page 1716 and 1717:
400 Appendix VI Health Resources an
Page 1718 and 1719:
402 Appendix VI International Pemph
Page 1720 and 1721:
404 Appendix VI National Headache F
Page 1722 and 1723:
406 Appendix VI National Diabetes E
Page 1724 and 1725:
408 Appendix VI Genetics and Molecu
Page 1726 and 1727:
APPENDIX VII BIOGRAPHIES OF NOTABLE
Page 1728 and 1729:
412 Appendix VII 1982, an experimen
Page 1730 and 1731:
414 Appendix VII thesize (create in
Page 1732 and 1733:
416 Appendix VII tional standards a
Page 1734 and 1735:
418 Appendix VIII realign themselve
Page 1736 and 1737:
APPENDIX IX FAMILY MEDICAL TREE A f
Page 1738 and 1739:
APPENDIX X IMMUNIZATION AND ROUTINE
Page 1740 and 1741:
APPENDIX XI MODERN MEDICINE TIMELIN
Page 1742 and 1743:
426 Appendix XII Year Laureate(s) D
Page 1744 and 1745:
Page 1746 and 1747:
Page 1748 and 1749:
432 Appendix I
Page 1750 and 1751:
434 Bibliography Skidmore-Roth, Lin
Page 1752 and 1753:
436 Bibliography Integrative, Compl
Page 1754 and 1755:
438 Appendix I
Page 1756 and 1757:
440 Medical Advisory Review Panel U
Page 1759 and 1760:
CUMULATIVE INDEX TO VOLUMES 1-4 Vol
Page 1761 and 1762:
Index 445 aging, neurologic changes
Page 1763 and 1764:
Index 447 antibiotic resistance 2:1
Page 1765 and 1766:
Index 449 alcohol 4:317 angina pect
Page 1767 and 1768:
Index 451 hypnotics 4:339 prescript
Page 1769 and 1770:
Index 453 blood type 2:62, 130-131,
Page 1771 and 1772:
Index 455 bronchioles 2:183, 199, 2
Page 1773 and 1774:
Index 457 aging and drug metabolism
Page 1775 and 1776:
Index 459 overdose 4:165 parenting
Page 1777 and 1778:
Index 461 common variable immunodef
Page 1779 and 1780:
Index 463 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Page 1781 and 1782:
Index 465 diet and cancer 2:378-380
Page 1783 and 1784:
Index 467 heart attack 2:57 stress
Page 1785 and 1786:
Index 469 thalassemia 2:169 vesicou
Page 1787 and 1788:
Index 471 food allergies 2:236, 244
Page 1789 and 1790:
Index 473 granuloma 2:265, 269, 282
Page 1791 and 1792:
Index 475 obesity and cardiovascula
Page 1793 and 1794:
Index 477 HUS. See hemolytic uremic
Page 1795 and 1796:
Index 479 BALT 2:251-252 bladder ca
Page 1797 and 1798:
Index 481 STDs 3:340 tubal ligation
Page 1799 and 1800:
Index 483 glomerulosclerosis 3:192
Page 1801 and 1802:
Index 485 gallbladder 3:46 gastroin
Page 1803 and 1804:
Index 487 erythrocytes 2:119 human
Page 1805 and 1806:
Index 489 modes of transmission. Se
Page 1807 and 1808:
Index 491 nephron 3:209 aging and u
Page 1809 and 1810:
Index 493 sleep disorders 3:384 tai
Page 1811 and 1812:
Index 495 oxygenated blood 2:4-5, 7
Page 1813 and 1814:
Index 497 peristalsis 3:3, 4, 9, 45
Page 1815 and 1816:
Index 499 VBAC 3:355 vitamins and h
Page 1817 and 1818:
Index 501 red blood cells (RBCs). S
Page 1819 and 1820:
Index 503 seminoma 3:343, 345 Semme
Page 1821 and 1822:
Index 505 sodium channel blocker 2:
Page 1823 and 1824:
Index 507 smoking and cardiovascula
Page 1825 and 1826:
Index 509 tibia 1:301, 330, 341; 4:
Page 1827 and 1828:
Index 511 kidneys 3:201 ureter 3:22
Page 1829:
Index 513 waterborne illnesses 2:36
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Encyclopedia of Health and Medicine

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