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Critical Expressivism- Theory and Practice in the Composition Classroom, 2014a

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Povozhaev<br />

compos<strong>in</strong>g a sense of <strong>the</strong>mselves, <strong>and</strong>, <strong>the</strong>refore, professionals who use writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>in</strong> such a way could treat <strong>the</strong>se attempts as “th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g spaces” <strong>in</strong> which students<br />

th<strong>in</strong>k through “images, ideas, form <strong>and</strong> media” (1994, p. 53).<br />

However, after <strong>the</strong> rigors of drafts, conferences, <strong>and</strong> peer work, <strong>in</strong>structors<br />

often expect students’ essays to be polished. I submit that teachers might shift<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir focus <strong>in</strong>stead on how well students express what has happened to <strong>the</strong>m personally,<br />

<strong>in</strong>formation <strong>and</strong> ideas related to larger societal concerns, <strong>and</strong> mean<strong>in</strong>gs<br />

derived from reflect<strong>in</strong>g upon that relationship between one’s experience <strong>and</strong> socially<br />

relevant issues. Teachers might evaluate work based on how well students<br />

have demonstrated <strong>the</strong> degree <strong>the</strong>ir subject holds personal relevance.<br />

Students enter<strong>in</strong>g academe contribute to discourse communities by writ<strong>in</strong>g<br />

<strong>the</strong>ir own cultures <strong>in</strong>to exist<strong>in</strong>g frames. Through <strong>the</strong> more experimental,<br />

<strong>in</strong>tuitive processes that go along with <strong>the</strong> essai, we might convey that <strong>in</strong>tellectual<br />

rigor is worthwhile because it transcends <strong>the</strong> classroom. Us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> essai can<br />

allow students to connect personally to socially relevant issues, respond with<br />

confidence, <strong>and</strong> speak to society <strong>in</strong> important ways—beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>the</strong> college<br />

writ<strong>in</strong>g classroom <strong>and</strong> reach<strong>in</strong>g past it.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Badley, G. (2009). A reflective essay<strong>in</strong>g model for higher education. Education<br />

+ Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, 51(4), 248-58.<br />

Car<strong>in</strong>i, P. (1994). Dear sister bess: An essay on st<strong>and</strong>ards, judgment <strong>and</strong> writ<strong>in</strong>g.<br />

Assess<strong>in</strong>g Writ<strong>in</strong>g, 1(1), 29-65.<br />

De Montaigne, M. (1580/1958). Essays. (J. M. Cohen, Trans.). Harmondsworth,<br />

UK: Pengu<strong>in</strong> Books.<br />

Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy <strong>and</strong> education. New York: Macmillan.<br />

Emig, J. (1967). On teach<strong>in</strong>g composition: Some hypo<strong>the</strong>ses as def<strong>in</strong>itions. Research<br />

<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Teach<strong>in</strong>g of English, 1, 127-135.<br />

Ferguson, S., Carr, L., & Schultz, L. (2005) Archives of <strong>in</strong>struction: N<strong>in</strong>eteenth-century<br />

rhetorics, readers <strong>and</strong> composition books <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> United States.<br />

Carbondale, IL: Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ill<strong>in</strong>ois University Press.<br />

Fish, S. (1980). Is <strong>the</strong>re a text <strong>in</strong> this class? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.<br />

Fishman, S., & McCarthy, L. (1998). John Dewey <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> challenge of classroom<br />

practice. Urbana, IL: NCTE.<br />

Fishman, S., & McCarthy, L. (1996). Teach<strong>in</strong>g for student change: A Deweyan<br />

alternative to radical pedagogy. College <strong>Composition</strong> <strong>and</strong> Communication, 47,<br />

342-364.<br />

Flem<strong>in</strong>g, D. (2003). The very idea of progymnasmata. Rhetoric Review, 22, 105-<br />

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