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FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE Chemical Control 167 Studies carried out 10 years later (Ferrin and Kabashinna, 1991), described the development of metalaxyl-resistant isolates of Phytophthora parasitica, with EC50 values for inhibition of linear mycelial growth exceeding 700 \xg ml-i, as compared with values of 0.25-3.08 |Lig ml-i for the sensitive isolates. However, the resistances to the mycelium growth may differ from that for the formation of sporangia or chlamidospores. Metalaxyl-resistant genotypes emerged rapidly worldwide and are responsible for a lack of Phytophthora infestans control in potatoes and tomatoes. A cross-resistance was reported for this class of fungicides, and the metalaxyl-resistant isolates were also resistant to oxadixyl, while the metalaxyl-sensitive isolates were also sensitive to oxadixyl; both of these are systemic fungicides (Sedegui et al., 1999). Resistance to metalaxyl, which is mediated by a single gene (Cooke, 1991), has evolved where this fungicide was used as a single product for disease control. A coordinated strategy of using the systemic fungicide, metalaxyl in mixtures with protective multisite fungicides, such as chlorothalonil, has been effective in slowing the development of resistance (Cooke, 1991; Kadish et al., 1990). Fosetyl al (Fosetyl aluminum) is another selectively active fungicide against incipient infections of Phytophthora (GauUiard and Pelossier, 1983). It is applied to harvested citrus fruits to protect against and to control Phytophthora spp., but it also reduces the incidence of green mold (Penicillium digitatum) in storage (Eckert and Ogawa, 1985). Among the fungicides that have proven efficient in controlling citrus fruit decay, including infections by Geotrichum candidum, we have to mention fenpropimorph and flutriafol. These compounds considerably reduce the rate of rot, both in artificially inoculated lemons and in those under natural infection conditions in the packinghouse. Their major action is the suppression of contact-spread of the sour rot and the green and blue molds following close contact with diseased fruit in the container (Cohen, 1989). Fungicides and fungistats, used for postharvest decay control, and their chemical structures are given in Fig. 27. Detailed descriptions of chemical compounds used for the control of postharvest diseases, and their effect on disease development, are given in two comprehensive reviews by Eckert and Ogawa (1985, 1988). http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE 168 o : ^ Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables OH / ^ BIPHENYL 0-PHENYLPHENOL O CAPTAN -S~CGU CHo CH3CH2C-NH2 H NHn NO2 DICLORAN NH2 NH2 ^^;CNH(CH2)8NH(CH2)8NHC:^^ SEC . BUTYLAMINE GUAZATINE CI ^flo. CH=CHn ^x R ,,/CONHCH CI O VINCLOZOLIN IPRODIONE a>v H .^ CH3 C-NC4H9 H O x>-N-C0CH3 THIABENDAZOLE BENQMYL Fig. 27. Postharvest fungicides. (Reproduced from Eckert and Ogawa, 1985, 1988 with permission of the Annual Review of Phytopathology). http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
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