Post harvest diseases fruits and vegetables - Xavier University ...

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FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE Biological Control 231 E 'v- CO CO 60 50 40 ^ 30 + o o c 20 + 0 *o c -S 10 -f 0 • Control • Paedlomyces li Iprodione 0.05% The treatment Fig. 38. The antifungal activity of Paedlomyces variotii compared with a conventional fungicide, iprodione, on lemon fruit. Statistical differences (at p= 0.05) are indicated by different letters through the application of the Duncan's Multiple Range Test. (Reproduced from Pratella and Mari, 1993 with permission of Elsevier Science). Geotrichum candidum (Chalutz and Wilson, 1990); of B. cinerea in apples (GuUino et al., 1992; Mercier and Wilson, 1995; Roberts, 1990; Wisniewski et al., 1988); of B. cinerea, P. expansum and Phialophora malorum in pears (Chand-Goyal and Spotts, 1996a; Sugar and Spotts, 1999); of P. expansum in apples and nectarines (Wilson et al., 1993; Lurie et al., 1995), and B. cinerea, R. stolonifer and A alternata in tomatoes (Chalutz et al., 1991). However, not all the pathogens react similarly to a given antagonist. For instance, under natural infection conditions, dipping grapes in a cell suspension of yeasts of the genera Kloeckera and Candida, was effective in controlling Rhizopus decay but had no effect on Aspergillus decay caused by A. niger in storage (McLaughlin et al., 1992). Experiments focused on B, cinerea indicated that the efficacy of the antagonist was affected both by the concentration of yeast cells in the wound and by the number of pathogen spores used for inoculation. When wound inoculation was done with a high concentration of Botrytis spores http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE 232 Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables (10^ spores ml-i), a reduced percentage of infection could be achieved only by the highest yeast concentration (10^ cells ml"i). On the other hand, when wounds were inoculated with low concentrations of spores, decay suppression could be achieved by each of the antagonist concentrations tested, including the lowest concentration (Chalutz et al., 1991) (Fig. 39). A similar trend was shown for Trichoderma species antagonistic to various fungal pathogens: the best activity was generally observed at high concentrations of the antagonist and the lower inoculum levels of the pathogen (Elad et al., 1982; Mortuza and Ilag, 1999). The marked antagonistic effects attributed to various yeast species raised the question of the antagonistic capacity of industrial yeasts commonly used in food processing. Screening of industrial yeasts for control of P. digitatum in lemons showed that four out of 150 isolates completely controlled the green mold development. These included one isolate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three Kluyveromyces isolates. None of these isolates was found to produce antibiotics (Cheah and Tran, 1995). Pichia guilliermondii (cells/ml)
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