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FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE Biological Control 245 and P. expansum, or to lemon and orange wounds prior to inoculation with P. digitatum, significantly enhanced the biocontrol activity of C. saitoana against decay. The same combination was also effective against established infections when applied within 24 h after inoculation. In other words, the combination of the antagonistic yeast with the sugar analog had both protective and curative effects against the postharvest pathogens. Furthermore, its effectiveness on citrus fruits was found to be similar to that of the common fungicide, imazalil. It was also emphasized that the curative activity gained by the combined treatment represented an improvement over the currently available microbial biocontrol products that confer only a protective effect (El Ghaouth et al., 2000b). Another combination aimed at improving the biocontrol of fruit decay by C. saitoana is that of the antagonistic yeast with glycolchitosan, a combination known as "a bioactive coating" (El Ghaouth et al., 2000a). The use of a bioactive coating became possible because the presence of glycolchitosan in apple wounds and on the fruit surface does not affect the natural increase of the yeast population. The combination of the antagonistic yeast with 0.2% glycolchitosan was more effective in controlling the natural infection caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum in various apple cultivars than either the yeast or the glycolchitosan alone. The bioactive coating was either similar or superior to thiabendazole in suppressing decay; it was also more effective than the antagonistic yeast alone in controlling natural infection of oranges and lemons (mainly by P. digitatum) and the control level was equivalent to that achieved with 2000 g ml-i imazalil (Fig. 41). Genetic manipulation of biocontrol fungi is another approach to improving the antagonist ability to control disease. To enhance their antagonistic potential against pathogenic fungi, Lalithakumari et al. (1996) selected two parent isolates of Trichoderma species for genetic manipulation: Trichoderma harzianum, which is an efficient biocontrol agent against plant pathogens, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum, which is tolerant to copper sulfate and carbendazim. The second isolate was selected as a co-parent because development of fungicide tolerance potential in a biocontrol agent is believed to be of great importance for integrated disease management. It was found that protoplast fusion of the two isolates, taken from young mycelia following cell-wall digestion, resulted in fusants that exhibited an enhanced antagonistic effect against several pathogens, along with tolerance to copper and carbendazim. http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE 246 25 4 2 I 20 £ 15 I 10 + 0. 5 0 Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Q Control 0 biocoating A iinazaiii Hamlin oranges Pinapple oranges Valencia oranges Fig. 41. Effect of the combination of Candida saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan on decay of orange cvs. Hamhn, Pineapple and Valencia after 21, 28 and 21 days at IS^'C, respectively. Bars within each cultivar with the same letter are not significantly different according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (p=0.05). (Reproduced from El Ghaouth et al., 2000a with permission of the American Phytopathological Society). F. INTEGRATION INTO POSTHARVEST STRATEGIES Several studies have highlighted the advantages of postharvest application of biological control agents over field or soil application. The major advantages are: (1) the convenience of bringing the antagonist in contact with the commodity, compared to its addition to the soil; (2) the possibiHty of acting under controlled conditions, created and maintained during storage and transportation (Wilson and Wisniewski, 1989); (3) the possibility of applying the biocontrol agents during the commercial process which the fruit and vegetables undergo in the packinghouse. For instance, it is possible to introduce Bacillus subtilis into the wax applied to peaches in the packing house to protect them from the brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola (Pusey et al., 1988). The antagonistic yeast Pichia guilliermondii can be introduced into the wax mixture applied to citrus fruit, or applied as a separate step, in the packinghouse. http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
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