Post harvest diseases fruits and vegetables - Xavier University ...

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FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE Postharvest Disease Summary 295 mycotoxin, and the amounts produced were considerably reduced, as compared with production in air. Sommer et al. (1974) found that two strains of P. expansum produced patuHn in Golden Delicious apples stored in a controlled atmosphere containing 7.5% CO2 and 2% O2 at 23°C, although at markedly lower levels than in air. Working with other P. expansum strains, Paster et al. (1995) found that patulin production was inhibited in Starking apples stored in an atmosphere of 3% CO2, 2% O2 at 25°C, although fungal growth was still 70% of that of the control. Under 3% CO2, 10% O2, patulin production was only slightly reduced. B. Botrytis cinerea Pers. [perfect state: Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel] The gray mold rot caused by this fungus can cause heavy losses of pome fruits, particularly pears. The fungus survives as sclerotia in the soil and on plant debris, and under favorable conditions asexual spores (conidia) are formed. Under wet conditions the conidia may infect dying blossoms (Combrink et al., 1983) and remain quiescent in the flower parts (DeKock and Holz, 1991). Fruit infection occurs later, after renewal of the pathogen growth during storage and marketing. B. cinerea can infect the fruit through wounds incurred during harvesting and handling, or directly via skin breaks (Spotts and Peters, 1982a). In fact, the resistance of various apple cultivars to infection by B, cinerea and other wound pathogens has recently been related to the force required to break the fruit skin (Spotts et al., 1999). Lesions are dry and firm at first, but become soft as the rot advances. Under humid conditions, abundant gray-brown conidia are produced. Sclerotia may also be formed on well advanced lesions. The fungus spreads very readily during storage by contact between infected and sound fruit, forming 'nests* of decaying fruit. This type of infection markedly increases the infection rate in storage (Edney, 1978). In addition, J5. cinerea may penetrate apple fruits via the sinus between the calyx and the core cavity, in apple cultivars characterized by open sinuses, resulting in core rot (Spotts et al., 1988). C. Monilinia spp. Monilinia rot may be incited by three species of Monilinia: Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey, which is widespread in Europe, Asia and South America, but is uncommon in North America; M fructicola (Wint.) Honey, which occurs in North and South America, South Africa, Japan, Australia and New Zealand; and Monilinia laxa (Aderh. & Ruhl.) http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE FREEDOM PALESTINE 296 Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables Honey, which occurs occasionally in Europe, Asia and some regions of North America (Snowdon, 1990). The three species are wound pathogens capable of invading apple and pear fruits before and after harvest (Edney, 1983). Fruits infected early in the growing season develop rot on the tree, exhibit firm lesions and eventually turn into shriveled 'mummies', which may remain attached to the tree or fall to the ground. Infections initiated in the field continue to develop in storage, where they spread by contact between infected and sound fruits (Cole and Wood, 1961). The fungus survives the winter and, when environmental conditions become favorable, produces asexual spores (conidia). The conidia are dispersed throughout the orchard and infect the fruits via wounds. The fungi may exhibit the sexual state (apothecia with ascospores) and, on liberation, the ascospores may infect the flower parts, thus spreading the disease into developing fruits. D. Gloeosporium album Osterw. [perfect state: Pezicula alba Guthrie] and Gloeosporium perennans Zeller & Childs [perfect state: Pezicula m^alicorticis (Jackson) Nannf.] These two lenticel pathogens cause Gloeosporium rot. Infection is spread by the asexual spores (conidia produced in acervuli), which are dispersed by rain and contaminate the fruit during the growing season (Edney, 1983). Following germination on the fruit surface, the fungus enters the developing fruits via lenticels (Bompeix, 1978) and remains quiescent until after harvest (Noble and Drysdale, 1983). The sexual state (apothecia with ascospores) has been recorded but is not regarded as an important source of inoculum. G. perennans produces circular rots, frequently with a yellow center, that have led to the common names 'target spot' or 'bull's eye' rot. However, identification of the species is mainly by microscopic examination. E. Cylindrocarpon mali (AUesch.) WoUenw. [perfect state: Nectria galligena Bresad.] This lenticel pathogen is responsible for Cylindrocarpon or Nectria fruit rot. The fungus exhibits both the sexual (perithecia with ascospores) and the asexual (conidia produced in sporodochia) states, and both forms may be found in cankers on the tree. Conidia are dispersed by rain splash while ascospores are frequently carried by air currents to greater distances (Swinburne, 1983). Infection may occur through the calyx-end or the stem-end and result in the fruit decaying http://arab2000.forumpro.fr
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