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Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...

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Sesiones parale<strong>la</strong>s / Parall<strong>el</strong> sessions<strong>el</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> los testimoniantes y <strong>el</strong> futuro como meta. En síntesis, lo que mepropongo es analizar algunos testimonios y ubicar su especificidad <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>particu<strong>la</strong>ridad <strong>de</strong> los testimoniantes: militantes <strong>de</strong>l movimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>rechoshumanos <strong>de</strong> Tucumán.GARTNER, AliciaLa p<strong>la</strong>nta G<strong>en</strong>eral Motors <strong>en</strong> Barracas: testimonios<strong>de</strong> los conflictos obreros durante los primeros años<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> dictaduraEn este trabajo pret<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>mos realizar, a partir <strong>de</strong> testimonios <strong>oral</strong>es, algunosaportes a <strong>la</strong> visualización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> lucha <strong>de</strong> los obreros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> empresa G<strong>en</strong>eral Motors,durante los primeros años <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> última dictadura militar <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Arg<strong>en</strong>tina.La investigación se focaliza <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta industrial que <strong>la</strong> G<strong>en</strong>eral Motors t<strong>en</strong>ía<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> barrio <strong>de</strong> Barracas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cuidad <strong>de</strong> Bu<strong>en</strong>os Aires.A partir <strong>de</strong>l año 1976 hasta 1978, año <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> que <strong>la</strong> p<strong>la</strong>nta <strong>de</strong>jó <strong>de</strong> producir, <strong>la</strong>empresa tomó una serie <strong>de</strong> medidas referidas a <strong>de</strong>spidos y a <strong>la</strong> restructuración<strong>de</strong>l trabajo, que provocaron <strong>la</strong> resist<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> sus trabajadores y los consecu<strong>en</strong>tesconflictos <strong>la</strong>b<strong>oral</strong>es. En <strong>el</strong> marco <strong>de</strong>l Terrorismo <strong>de</strong> Estado imperante, <strong>la</strong>represión sobre los obreros se hizo s<strong>en</strong>tir.<strong>Los</strong> testimonios <strong>oral</strong>es <strong>de</strong> los trabajadores <strong>en</strong>trevistados nos permit<strong>en</strong>acercarnos a <strong>la</strong> situación previa al golpe <strong>de</strong> Estado <strong>en</strong> dicha p<strong>la</strong>nta, y a loscambios que se produjeron a partir <strong>de</strong>l mismo. Particu<strong>la</strong>rm<strong>en</strong>te, <strong>en</strong> lo queconcierne al <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> los <strong>en</strong>fr<strong>en</strong>tami<strong>en</strong>tos con <strong>la</strong> patronal y al sufrimi<strong>en</strong>topa<strong>de</strong>cido con <strong>la</strong> interv<strong>en</strong>ción <strong>de</strong>l aparato represivo. Al re<strong>la</strong>tar susviv<strong>en</strong>cias, los obreros <strong>en</strong>trevistados nos aportan, a<strong>de</strong>más, cómo era <strong>el</strong> proceso<strong>de</strong> producción y cómo fueron cambiando <strong>la</strong>s condiciones <strong>la</strong>b<strong>oral</strong>es <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>s distintas líneas <strong>de</strong> producción <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong>l golpe, que cerc<strong>en</strong>ó sus <strong>de</strong>rechos<strong>la</strong>b<strong>oral</strong>es. <strong>Los</strong> protagonistas rememoran hoy, cómo sostuvieron losconflictos <strong>en</strong> un marco nacional absolutam<strong>en</strong>te adverso a cualquier tipo<strong>de</strong> rec<strong>la</strong>mo. Esto nos permite abonar <strong>la</strong> postura <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> exist<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> una luchaobrera <strong>de</strong> oposición a <strong>la</strong> dictadura, que algunas líneas historiográficas<strong>de</strong>sdibujan.The aim of this work is to make some contributions to the visualization of thefight of the workers of the G<strong>en</strong>eral Motors company, during the first years ofthe military dictatorship in the Arg<strong>en</strong>tina from <strong>oral</strong> testimonies.The research focuses on industrial p<strong>la</strong>nt that G<strong>en</strong>eral Motors had in Barracasdistrict of the city of Bu<strong>en</strong>os Aires.From the year 1976 until 1978, year in which the p<strong>la</strong>nt ceased production, thecompany took a series of measures re<strong>la</strong>ting to dismissals and the restructuringof the work, which led to the resistance of its workers and the resulting <strong>la</strong>bourdisputes. In the framework of the prevailing state terrorism, repression wasf<strong>el</strong>t on the workers.The <strong>oral</strong> testimonies provi<strong>de</strong>d by the interviewed workers, allows us toapproach to the situation prior to the military dictatorship in the p<strong>la</strong>nt andthe changes produced from it, especially in what concerns the <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>tof c<strong>la</strong>shes with employers and the suffering <strong>en</strong>dured with the interv<strong>en</strong>tion ofthe governm<strong>en</strong>t .To re<strong>la</strong>te their experi<strong>en</strong>ces, the interviewed workers bring us testimonies ofhow was the production process and how were changing the working conditionsin the differ<strong>en</strong>t lines of production after the military dictatorship, whichharmed their <strong>la</strong>bour rights. The protagonist recall today how did they fight fortheir rights within a national framework quite averse to any type of c<strong>la</strong>im. Thisallows us to pay the stance of the exist<strong>en</strong>ce of a <strong>la</strong>bor struggle against the dictatorshipthat some historiographical lines blur.——————————————————————————————————————————————C<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> Estudios y Formación Marxista——————————————————————————————————————————————Subtema / Subteme 14Memoria, <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> y comunidad / Memory, OralHistory and community14 a. Cre<strong>en</strong>cias compartidas, tradiciones r<strong>el</strong>igiosasy transmisión <strong>oral</strong>. Shared B<strong>el</strong>iefs, R<strong>el</strong>igiousTraditions, and the Oral Transmission.14b- Culturas no hegemónicas e <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> /Nohegemoniccultures and Oral HistoryMesa / Session 67Coordinan / Chair: Nora Salles——————————————————————————————————————————————MEZA, José AntonioMemoria y peronismo. Una aproximación al surgimi<strong>en</strong>to<strong>de</strong>l peronismo <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> ámbito rural corr<strong>en</strong>tinoa través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong>. (1943-1946)La llegada <strong>de</strong>l peronismo al gobierno produjo transformaciones fundam<strong>en</strong>tales<strong>en</strong> todo <strong>el</strong> país y se promovieron importantes avances <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> conquista<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ciudadanía social y política, con <strong>la</strong> integración <strong>de</strong> vastos sectores. Enestos procesos <strong>la</strong> participación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pob<strong>la</strong>ción rural ha sido muy importante,pues hacia 1947 <strong>el</strong> 38% <strong>de</strong> los arg<strong>en</strong>tinos vivía <strong>en</strong> localida<strong>de</strong>s que contabancon m<strong>en</strong>os <strong>de</strong> 2.000 habitantes, número que <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> provincia <strong>de</strong> Corri<strong>en</strong>tesasc<strong>en</strong>día al 60%.Este trabajo pret<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> ser una primera aproximación, al estudio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s prácticaspolíticas <strong>en</strong> los ámbitos rurales <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> provincia <strong>de</strong> Corri<strong>en</strong>tes, mediante <strong>el</strong>uso <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Historia Oral. Para <strong>el</strong>lo se t<strong>en</strong>drá <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>el</strong> período cronológico1943-1946, vincu<strong>la</strong>do con <strong>el</strong> surgimi<strong>en</strong>to y asc<strong>en</strong>so <strong>de</strong>l peronismo al po<strong>de</strong>r.D<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> este marco, <strong>el</strong> ámbito geográfico <strong>de</strong> nuestro estudio, está circunscriptoal <strong>de</strong>partam<strong>en</strong>to G<strong>en</strong>eral Paz, ubicado al norte <strong>de</strong> ésta provincia. Enese contexto, nuestro interrogante apunta a <strong>la</strong>s modalida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s campañaspros<strong>el</strong>itistas <strong>de</strong> los partidos y a <strong>la</strong> manera <strong>en</strong> que <strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong>s eran vividas por parte<strong>de</strong> estos pob<strong>la</strong>dores, como así también <strong>la</strong>s posibles transformaciones que <strong>la</strong>irrupción <strong>de</strong>l peronismo g<strong>en</strong>eró <strong>en</strong> estos ambi<strong>en</strong>tes y <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> sociabilidad política<strong>de</strong> sus habitantes.The arrival of peronism to the governm<strong>en</strong>t produced very important transformationsin all over the country. By 1947 most of the popu<strong>la</strong>tion of Arg<strong>en</strong>tinawas in rural areas, but Corri<strong>en</strong>tes city had the highest rural popu<strong>la</strong>tion of thecountry. The fact is this kind of popu<strong>la</strong>tion did not have access to social and politicalproblems of the country. Therefore, this governm<strong>en</strong>t ma<strong>de</strong> an importantadvance in this aspect; they integrated the vast sectors of the society, consolidatingboth social and political citiz<strong>en</strong>ship.This paper pret<strong>en</strong>ds to be a first approximation to the study of political practicesin rural areas of Corri<strong>en</strong>tes city. Thiswill take into account the chronologicalperiod 1943-1955, which is linked with the rise of Peronism to thepower.Within this framework, the geographical scope of our study is circumscribed toG<strong>en</strong>eral Paz <strong>de</strong>partm<strong>en</strong>t, which is located at the north of Corri<strong>en</strong>tes city.In this context,we will focus on several aspects. First, our question points tothe modalities of pros<strong>el</strong>ytizing propagandas. Secondly, it points on how thesettlers,from whom we received the information, lived those propagandas.Finally, it points to the possible transformations the Peronism produced inboth, the area where the settlers lived, and the political sociability of thesehabitants.PÉREZ, Leydi VivianaLas fu<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>oral</strong>es <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> análisis <strong>de</strong>l f<strong>en</strong>óm<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> urbanización.Estudio <strong>de</strong> casos: barrios El Ro<strong>de</strong>o y Nueva Floresta<strong>de</strong> Cali, Colombia 1960-1980Esta pon<strong>en</strong>cia aborda <strong>el</strong> análisis <strong>de</strong> un f<strong>en</strong>óm<strong>en</strong>o social significativo <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> contextointernacional, durante <strong>la</strong> segunda mitad <strong>de</strong>l <strong>siglo</strong> XX: <strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> toma <strong>de</strong>tierras públicas y privadas, y <strong>de</strong> lucha por <strong>la</strong> vivi<strong>en</strong>da, protagonizado por miles<strong>de</strong> personas que transformaron radicalm<strong>en</strong>te <strong>el</strong> espacio urbano. Cuya investigaciónse realiza a partir <strong>de</strong> dos estudios <strong>de</strong> caso gestados <strong>en</strong> Cali, Colombia–actualm<strong>en</strong>te barrios El Ro<strong>de</strong>o y Nueva Floresta- durante <strong>la</strong> década <strong>de</strong> 1960.En <strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong> se <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> forma <strong>en</strong> qué los testimonios e <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vida <strong>de</strong>algunos hombres y mujeres migrantes colombianos, que g<strong>en</strong>eran sus discursos<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un lugar no hegemónico, constituy<strong>en</strong> aportes significativos a <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong><strong>oral</strong> y barrial <strong>en</strong> América <strong>la</strong>tina. Al ser analizados para interpretar unacoyuntura que durante <strong>el</strong> mismo periodo fue experim<strong>en</strong>tada principalm<strong>en</strong>tepor otros países <strong>la</strong>tinoamericanos, asiáticos y africanos, cuyos habitanteslucharon y resistieron arduam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> los espacios urbanos ocupados con <strong>el</strong>objetivo <strong>de</strong> acce<strong>de</strong>r a una vivi<strong>en</strong>da.This paper approaches the analysis of a meaningful social ph<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>on in theinternational context of the second half of the Tw<strong>en</strong>tieth c<strong>en</strong>tury: the processof taking public and private portions of <strong>la</strong>nd and the fight for dw<strong>el</strong>ling, thisfight was lea<strong>de</strong>d by thousands of people that radically transform the urbanspace. The investigation was performed starting by two study cases <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opedin Cali city, Colombia during ninete<strong>en</strong>-sixties in today known as El Ro<strong>de</strong>oand Nueva Floresta towns.In the investigation was <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>oped the way in that life testimonies and historiesof some Colombian migrating m<strong>en</strong> a wom<strong>en</strong>, that make his discoursesfrom a non hegemonic point of view, make meaningful contributions to the<strong>oral</strong> history of towns in Latin America, being analyzed to give an interpretation of a99

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