Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...

Sesiones paralelas / Parallel sessionsjust as people have biographies that can be researched and documented. Suchinvestigations discover and reveal the genealogies, histories and accounts ofthe object being examined; can fill gaps and give voice to silences on the historicalrecord; foster broader and more imaginative questioning, analysis andinterpretation, and allow for differing stories to therefore emerge. Such discoveriesare undertaken using a multitude of sources – documentary, illustrative,oral and even sensory – that together bring objects to life, since without suchilluminations objects are merely things that lack the context and personal historythat make each one unique. Oral history is a methodology that not onlysupplements other historical sources but can stimulate the positing of furtherquestions; cover a plethora of subject matter; enrich our knowledge and addfurther dimensions to the story that was accumulated via the documentaryevidence. Oral history can then be seen as an important resource when investigatingthe life course of objects in the production an object biography. Objectsas inanimate entities, do not have voices of their own, but can ‘speak’ througha labyrinth of interwoven stories that can be embroidered into a biography.These stories are the layers of memories and recorded narratives of the peopleand communities who were intimate with the object, with each collectivelyrevealing the changing meanings and rich history of a person, group or localethat has been associated with a particular object. With a focus on severalSouth Australian objects such as the Mayoral Chair of Port Pirie; the Burra Hallwhich was erected as part of the Cheer-Up Society building in Adelaide, duringthe First and Second World Wars, and a piece of sheet music, this paper willargue that oral history methodologies are an integral component in the historicalinvestigation of objects. Further, by allowing the audience to hear thevoices of the people associated with each of these objects, this presentationwill show how the result is a more enhanced, informed and fleshed out objectbiography that is no longer mute and inanimate but a witnesses to the pastthat can tell us of its historical significance.CASTRO, Magali deEl mito de la era del oro: las memorias de antiguasmaestras sobre el asunto del sueldo y de la posiciónsocial del maestro primario del principio del siglo XXEl asunto del sueldo del maestro primario brasileño es un problema histórico.Si consideró la realidad social y económica actual, respecto al del principiodel vigésimo siglo, se verifica que, por ese tiempo, el sueldo de los maestrosera mejor que ahora, sin embargo no consiguió ser tan privilegiado como hagacreer las nociones de sentido común, según que el viejo maestro primario teníaun sueldo muy bueno. Buscando investigar sobre el sueldo y la posiciónsocial de los maestros primarios en el principio del vigésimo siglo, se investigódieciocho maestras de Minas Gerais, Brasil, con la edad entre 63 y 92 años,formó en el curso de magisterio de nivel medio, entre los años 1930 y 1958. Elacercamiento metodológico de la Historia Oral fue adoptado, con entrevistasabiertas, dónde las narrativas permitieron al uso de la memoria como el factordinámico de la interacción entre pasado y presente. En este trabajo, se presentanalgunos desafíos enfrentados en el desarrollo de la Historia Oral y lasrevelaciones de los maestros sobre el ejercicio de la enseñanza, su posiciónsocial y su sueldo. Para ellos, hay una diferencia entre el pasado y el presenteen la posición social y en el ejercicio de la profesión del maestro. Sin embargo,el asunto de los sueldos bajos se vuelve empeorando, pero no es un nuevo problema:los maestros primarios siempre tenían los sueldos malos, si considerósu importancia en la construcción de la sociedad y del futuro de la nación.The Brazilian elementary school teachers wage subject is a historical problem.If we consider the current social and economical reality related to the one onthe beginning of twentieth century, we verify that, at that time, the teachers’wage was better than now, however it wasn’t as privileged as the notions ofcommon sense used to believe, according to which the elementary school teachersused to have a very good salary. Looking for investigating about wageand social position of the elementary school teachers on the beginning of thetwentieth century, eighteen teachers from Minas Gerais, Brazil were researched.They were between 63 and 92 years old, graduated in the Teaching RegularCourse from 1930 to 1958. The methodological approach of the Oral Historywas adopted and open interviews were accomplished. The narratives allowedthe use of the memory as a dynamic factor of interaction between past andpresent. In this paper, are presented some challenges faced in the developmentof the Oral History and teachers’ revelations about the exercise of teaching,their social position and their wage. For them, there is a difference betweenthe past and the present according to social position and the teachingexercise. However, the low wages issue becomes worse, but this is not a newproblem: the elementary school teachers always got bad wages, if we considertheir importance in the construction of society and nation’s future.PADILLA ARROYO, AntonioMemorias en el cristal: juegos infantiles, cultura materialy disciplina del cuerpoPor medio de la historia oral el presente trabajo reconstruye la memoria dealgunos miembros de distintas generaciones que nacieron y crecieron en elseno de familias de trabajadores y artesanos que habitaron una colonia, laColonia Moderna, en la ciudad de México, quienes fueron testigos y protagonistasde la urbanización, introducción y dotación de servicios públicos en esazona. Por medio de las narrativas orales es posible reconstruir las vivencias delos infantes durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, las cuales nos aproximana comprender la importancia del juego infantil como configuración cultural,según la definición que ofrece Norbert Elías, como campo, en sentido de PierreBourdieu, o de dispositivo, de acuerdo con Michel Foucault.Tiene entre sus objetivos reconstruir las representaciones y las prácticas individualesy colectivas y, de ese modo, recobrar las experiencias de niños yniñas en torno a los juegos, el significado y el sentido que se le confieren y ellugar que ocupan en los recuerdos. Desde esta perspectiva, los juegos infantilesse conciben como aparatos de transmisión de la herencia cultural entregeneraciones que, por lo regular, se reproduce entre los grupos de edad, de losmayores a los menores. A partir de los recuerdos se trata de estudiar los juegosinfantiles como espacios socializadores y de sociabilidad.Mediante estos se analizan ámbitos de convivencia comunes y las divisionesde género, los modos de ordenamiento del mundo y los roles que se le asignan.En este texto se destaca la capacidad de la niñez y que se despliega en tresniveles de análisis: primero, en los procesos de producción cultural, esto es,como productores de lenguajes con sus narrativas, signos, símbolos, gestos yrituales; segundo, como generador de productos materiales y, por añadidura,de artefactos físicos que exhibe su potencial para la innovación tecnológica;tercero, como dispositivo para disciplinar y moldear el cuerpo en el que se encarnandestrezas disposiciones para su integración social.By means of oral history the present work recovers the memory of severalmembers of different generations that were born and grew in families ofworkers and craftsmen who inhabited a district, Modern District, that lived anatmosphere of urbanization, of introduction and grant of services public. Bymeans of the oral narratives it is possible to reconstruct the experiences ofthe infants during second half of century XX in the city of Mexico and approximatesthat us including/understanding to it of the importance of the infantilegame like cultural configuration, according to the definition that offers NorbertElías, like field, in sense of Pierre Bourdieu, device, in agreement with MichelFoucault. It must between his objectives reconstruct the individual and collectiverepresentations and practices and, that way, recover the experiences ofchildren and children around the games, the meaning and the sense that areconferred to him and the place that occupy in the memories.From this perspective, the infantile games conceive like transmitters of thecultural inheritance between generations that, by regulating, reproduce betweenthe age groups, of the majors the minors. From the memories one is tostudy the infantile games like socializing spaces and of sociability. By means ofthese the common scopes of coexistence and the divisions of sort are analyzed,the ways of ordering of the world and the rolls that are assigned to him.In this text the capacity of the childhood stands out and that unfolds in threelevels of analysis: first, in the processes of cultural production, that is to say,like producers of languages with its narratives, signs, symbols, gestures andrituals; secondly, like generator of material products and, in addition, physicaldevices that exhibits its potential for the technological innovation; third party,like device to discipline and to mold the body in which skills are incarnateddispositions for their social integration.——————————————————————————————————————————————Sala Raúl González Tuñón – DocumentalesAsociación Judicial Bonaerense, 50 años de luchaPablo Martínez Levy——————————————————————————————————————————————Centro de Estudios y Formación Marxista——————————————————————————————————————————————Subtema / Subteme 11Arte, cultura, memoria e historia oral / Art, culture,memory and Oral HistoryLos placeres de la memoria: Expresión artística yla representación de la memoria. The Pleasures of72