Sesiones parale<strong>la</strong>s / Parall<strong>el</strong> sessions<strong>la</strong>s Cajas <strong>de</strong> Crédito cooperativas, se transformó para sus dirig<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>en</strong> un mitoque cristalizó y organizó los acontecimi<strong>en</strong>tos históricos <strong>en</strong> un sistema <strong>de</strong> repres<strong>en</strong>tacionesque es narrado <strong>en</strong> términos sociales como una épica fundante.Ese mito ti<strong>en</strong>e tal peso <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> conformación <strong>de</strong> una i<strong>de</strong>ntidad cooperativista,que se repite casi sin variantes aún <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> recuerdo <strong>de</strong> qui<strong>en</strong>es no participaron<strong>de</strong> esas luchas por haber ingresado al movimi<strong>en</strong>to cooperativo posteriorm<strong>en</strong>te.En algunos testimonios, esa imposible concurr<strong>en</strong>cia no requiere <strong>de</strong> explicaciones:<strong>el</strong> “p<strong>el</strong>eamos” es sinónimo <strong>de</strong> “soy”, y cumple una función simbólica.En otros, <strong>la</strong> participación se produce tras<strong>la</strong>dando horizontalm<strong>en</strong>te ciertosacontecimi<strong>en</strong>tos sucedidos con posterioridad para conferirles una funciónperiodificadora que subraya su importancia. De una u otra manera, todos loscooperativistas “estuvieron ahí”, y <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> ahí se reconoc<strong>en</strong>.En ese contexto, <strong>el</strong> objeto <strong>de</strong>l trabajo es examinar los modos <strong>de</strong> operar <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>memoria individual y colectiva <strong>en</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción a <strong>la</strong> constitución <strong>de</strong> una i<strong>de</strong>ntidadinstitucional a partir <strong>de</strong>l análisis <strong>de</strong> 170 <strong>en</strong>trevistas a dirig<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>tida<strong>de</strong>scooperativas realizadas <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1996 <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> creación <strong>de</strong>l Archivo Histórico<strong>de</strong>l Cooperativismo <strong>de</strong> Crédito. Las mismas correspon<strong>de</strong>n a <strong>la</strong> cohorteintegrada por qui<strong>en</strong>es ya estaban vincu<strong>la</strong>dos a una Caja <strong>de</strong> Créditos <strong>en</strong> 1966 ycontinuaron hasta -por lo m<strong>en</strong>os- 1979, fechas que se correspon<strong>de</strong>n con dosmom<strong>en</strong>tos significativos <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong>tida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>en</strong> cuestión.<strong>Los</strong> testimonios permit<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong>trever contradicciones <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> valoración oficial<strong>de</strong> ciertos acontecimi<strong>en</strong>tos por parte <strong>de</strong> un movimi<strong>en</strong>to social y <strong>la</strong> percepción<strong>de</strong> sus dirig<strong>en</strong>tes, amplía <strong>el</strong> campo <strong>de</strong> análisis <strong>de</strong> esa organización y contribuyea <strong>la</strong> reflexión sobre los mecanismos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> memoria.The fight against the repressive measures and administrative regu<strong>la</strong>tions thatwas int<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>d to <strong>de</strong>stroy in the Arg<strong>en</strong>tina during the <strong>de</strong>ca<strong>de</strong>s of the ´60 and ´70to cooperative credit unions, became a myth that crystallized and organizedhistorical ev<strong>en</strong>ts in a system of repres<strong>en</strong>tations is narrated in social terms asan epic source for its lea<strong>de</strong>rs.That myth has such weight in the formation of a cooperative i<strong>de</strong>ntity, whichis repeated almost without variants still in the memory of those who did notparticipate of these struggles have joined the cooperative movem<strong>en</strong>t <strong>la</strong>ter. Insome accounts, that impossible concurr<strong>en</strong>cy does not require exp<strong>la</strong>nations:“fight” is synonymous with “I am”, and p<strong>la</strong>ys a symbolic role. In others, participationoccurs horizontally moving certain ev<strong>en</strong>ts subsequ<strong>en</strong>t to confer them afunction periodificadora which un<strong>de</strong>rlines its importance. In one way or another,all cooperators “were there”, and from there are recognized.In that context, the work aims to discuss ways to operate the individual andcollective memory in re<strong>la</strong>tion to the establishm<strong>en</strong>t of an institutional i<strong>de</strong>ntitybased on the analysis of 170 interviews with lea<strong>de</strong>rs of cooperative <strong>en</strong>titiesma<strong>de</strong> since 1996 in the process of creation of the historical file of the creditcooperative. These correspond to the integrated cohort who were alreadylinked to a box of credits in 1966 and continued until - at least - 1979, dateswhich correspond to two significant mom<strong>en</strong>ts in the <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t of the <strong>en</strong>titiesin question.Testimonies allow glimpse contradictions betwe<strong>en</strong> the official valuation ofcertain ev<strong>en</strong>ts from a social movem<strong>en</strong>t and the perception of their lea<strong>de</strong>rs, itext<strong>en</strong>ds the scope of analysis of that organization and contributes to the reflectionon the mechanisms of memory.VANEK, Miros<strong>la</strong>vThe Real Winners of the 1989 V<strong>el</strong>vet Revolution?Research of Economic Managem<strong>en</strong>t in Czechoslovakiain the Period of the So-Called “Normalization”and Transformation (1970–2011). An Oral HistoryProjectThe paper focuses on business and managem<strong>en</strong>t groups in ex-Czechoslovakiaand <strong>la</strong>ter Czech Republic, nam<strong>el</strong>y on managing and assistant directors of bigcompanies as w<strong>el</strong>l as medium and small <strong>en</strong>terprises. The project team hasconducted fifty interviews with these narrators-members of the economic<strong>el</strong>ite. Analyzed and interpreted results of these interviews repres<strong>en</strong>t a c<strong>en</strong>tralresearch question that the Czech and Czechoslovak historiography (as w<strong>el</strong>l ashistoriographies of other post-socialist countries) still hasn’t <strong>de</strong>alt with. Thatis also why the Oral History C<strong>en</strong>ter has un<strong>de</strong>rtak<strong>en</strong> this research task. Throughinterviews we learn not only about the s<strong>el</strong>ection process through which thesepeople were chos<strong>en</strong> for leading economic positions and to which ext<strong>en</strong>t it wasinflu<strong>en</strong>ced by the sophisticated system of the so called nom<strong>en</strong>k<strong>la</strong>tura (the keyadministrative positions in all spheres of the countries’ activity h<strong>el</strong>d only bythe Communist Party members, their “cadre profile” being unquestionable)but also how important was the actual knowledge of the profession. Surprisinglyfor some, many of these managers didn’t leave the leading positions afterthe country’s “new condition”. Some <strong>historia</strong>ns b<strong>el</strong>ieve that this is precis<strong>el</strong>y theproblem of our transformation period: that the economic <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t in th<strong>en</strong>ew <strong>de</strong>mocracy (i.e. after 1989) has be<strong>en</strong> occupied and dominated by formercommunists who used their contacts from the past to privatize the Czechoslovakeconomy. But is it really so? Wasn’t it also because of the fact that ev<strong>en</strong>in authoritarian regimes many leading positions are occupied by real experts?A fact we may not like to accept but many interviews indicate. On the otherhand, there certainly was a consi<strong>de</strong>rable group of managers who gained theirpositions only because of the Communist Party membership and influ<strong>en</strong>tia<strong>la</strong>cquaintances. These were in<strong>de</strong>ed “political figures” rather than professionalsand inevitably had to leave after 1989. My paper should answer the questionwhether the economic <strong>el</strong>ite members have be<strong>en</strong> the main winners of the V<strong>el</strong>vetRevolution in Czechoslovakia in 1989.<strong>Los</strong> verda<strong>de</strong>ros ganadores <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Revolución <strong>de</strong> Terciop<strong>el</strong>o <strong>de</strong> 1989? Investigación<strong>de</strong> Gestión Económica <strong>en</strong> Checoslovaquia <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> período <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> así l<strong>la</strong>mada“normalización” y <strong>la</strong> Transformación (1970-2011). Un Proyecto <strong>de</strong> HistoriaOral.El docum<strong>en</strong>to se c<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> los grupos empresariales y <strong>de</strong> gestión <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> antiguaChecoslovaquia y más tar<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> República Checa, es <strong>de</strong>cir, sobre <strong>la</strong>gestión y subdirectores <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s gran<strong>de</strong>s empresas así como <strong>la</strong>s empresasmedianas y pequeñas. El equipo <strong>de</strong>l proyecto ha llevado a cabo cincu<strong>en</strong>ta<strong>en</strong>trevistas con estos narradores son miembros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> élite económica.Analizar e interpretar los resultados <strong>de</strong> estas <strong>en</strong>trevistas constituy<strong>en</strong> unacuestión c<strong>en</strong>tral <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> investigación que <strong>la</strong> historiografía checa y checoslovaca(así como otras historiografías <strong>de</strong> países post-socialistas) aún no se haocupado. Por eso también <strong>el</strong> C<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> Historia Oral ha llevado a cabo estatarea <strong>de</strong> investigación. A través <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trevistas que apr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r no sólo sobre<strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> s<strong>el</strong>ección a través <strong>de</strong>l cual estas personas fueron <strong>el</strong>egidaspara posiciones <strong>de</strong> li<strong>de</strong>razgo económico y <strong>en</strong> qué medida se vio influido por<strong>el</strong> sofisticado sistema <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> nom<strong>en</strong>k<strong>la</strong>tura l<strong>la</strong>mado (<strong>la</strong>s posiciones administrativasc<strong>la</strong>ve <strong>en</strong> todas <strong>la</strong>s esferas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> actividad <strong>de</strong> los países <strong>de</strong> Accionistasc<strong>el</strong>ebrada sólo por los miembros <strong>de</strong>l Partido Comunista, su “perfil <strong>de</strong>cuadros”, si<strong>en</strong>do indiscutible), pero también lo importante que era <strong>el</strong> conocimi<strong>en</strong>toreal <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> profesión. Sorpr<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ntem<strong>en</strong>te para algunos, muchos<strong>de</strong> estos ger<strong>en</strong>tes no <strong>de</strong>jó <strong>la</strong>s primeras posiciones <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> “nuevacondición” <strong>de</strong>l país. Algunos <strong>historia</strong>dores cre<strong>en</strong> que este es precisam<strong>en</strong>te<strong>el</strong> problema <strong>de</strong> nuestro período <strong>de</strong> transformación: que <strong>el</strong> <strong>en</strong>torno económico<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> nueva <strong>de</strong>mocracia (es <strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> 1989) ha sido ocupado ydominado por ex comunistas que utilizaron sus contactos <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> pasadohasta <strong>la</strong> privatización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> economía checoslovaca. Pero es realm<strong>en</strong>te así?¿No fue también por <strong>el</strong> hecho <strong>de</strong> que incluso <strong>en</strong> los regím<strong>en</strong>es autoritariosmuchas posiciones <strong>de</strong> li<strong>de</strong>razgo están ocupados por verda<strong>de</strong>ros expertos?Un hecho que no le guste a aceptar, pero indican muchas <strong>en</strong>trevistas. Porotro <strong>la</strong>do, ciertam<strong>en</strong>te había un grupo consi<strong>de</strong>rable <strong>de</strong> los directivos queganaron sus posiciones sólo por <strong>el</strong> número <strong>de</strong> miembros <strong>de</strong>l Partido Comunistay amista<strong>de</strong>s influy<strong>en</strong>tes. Estos eran <strong>en</strong> realidad “figuras políticas” <strong>en</strong>lugar <strong>de</strong> profesionales e, inevitablem<strong>en</strong>te, tuvo que abandonar <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong>1989. Mi pap<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>be respon<strong>de</strong>r a <strong>la</strong> cuestión <strong>de</strong> si los miembros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> éliteeconómica han sido los principales ganadores <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Revolución <strong>de</strong> Terciop<strong>el</strong>o<strong>en</strong> Checoslovaquia <strong>en</strong> 1989.FAY, C<strong>la</strong>udia Musa y OLIVEIRA, G<strong>en</strong>eci Guimaraes <strong>de</strong>A crise da Varig através do olhar <strong>de</strong> seus trabalhadoresVarig, the first commercial airline in Brazil, boasts a number that establishedit as one of the world market´s lea<strong>de</strong>r. Over more than 78 years of exist<strong>en</strong>ce,Varig transported thousands of pass<strong>en</strong>gers and had on its chart nearly 25.000employees. Their airp<strong>la</strong>nes were used on every contin<strong>en</strong>t. This communicationis based on research conducted by the C<strong>en</strong>ter for Oral History- PUCRS,with emphasis on Business History and it aims to bring to the discussion th<strong>el</strong>ook of these employees in connection with the company that w<strong>el</strong>comed them,making them part of the huge “variguiana family” in such a way that they f<strong>el</strong>t as<strong>en</strong>se of loss wh<strong>en</strong> the company closed its doors.Oral History methodology will be used to analyze the symbolic aspectsconstructed by individuals involved in the process, especially those whop<strong>la</strong>yed their roles in an airp<strong>la</strong>ne, in or<strong>de</strong>r to preserve the memory of thisgroup that b<strong>el</strong>onged to Varig, in an attempt to un<strong>de</strong>rstand the human universeof this company, truly nacional. Alessandro Port<strong>el</strong>li reinforces theimportance of <strong>oral</strong> sources, in particu<strong>la</strong>r “the History of Memory, Historyof Imagination, History of Subjectivity (both individuals and institutions)”.Through the investigation obtained from life histories, it can also be ma<strong>de</strong>infer<strong>en</strong>ces about issues that involved the re<strong>la</strong>tions betwe<strong>en</strong> work-family,work-company, work-i<strong>de</strong>ntity and a s<strong>en</strong>se of b<strong>el</strong>onging that i<strong>de</strong>ntified theemployee with Varig.44
Sesiones parale<strong>la</strong>s / Parall<strong>el</strong> sessionsSCHIAFFINI, Hernán HoracioBonanzas y pueblos fantasmas. Inversión y <strong>de</strong>sinversión<strong>en</strong> un pueblo minero <strong>de</strong>l c<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> MéxicoSe indaga <strong>en</strong> cómo <strong>la</strong> pob<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>de</strong> Cerro <strong>de</strong> San Pedro, un pueblo minero <strong>de</strong>lc<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> México, percibe <strong>la</strong> alternancia <strong>de</strong> marcados ciclos <strong>de</strong> explotación yno-explotación <strong>de</strong> los yacimi<strong>en</strong>tos minerales <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> zona.Se transcrib<strong>en</strong> fragm<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong>trevistas realizadas <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> lugar <strong>en</strong>tre 2007 y 2009con miras a analizar <strong>de</strong> qué maneras los habitantes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> región explican a los <strong>de</strong>másy a sí mismos estos ciclos <strong>de</strong> inversión y <strong>de</strong>sinversión, que indudablem<strong>en</strong>teatados a <strong>la</strong> economía mundial, los afectaron durante todo <strong>el</strong> <strong>siglo</strong> XX.A<strong>de</strong>más, y t<strong>en</strong>i<strong>en</strong>do <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>la</strong> problemática actual <strong>de</strong> Cerro <strong>de</strong> San Pedro,inmerso <strong>en</strong> un conflicto re<strong>la</strong>tivo a <strong>la</strong> oposición a <strong>la</strong> minería <strong>de</strong> oro a ci<strong>el</strong>o abierto,se evalúa qué <strong>el</strong>em<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong> una supuesta “tradición minera” ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> peso<strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s disputas locales contemporáneasKRAUS, CarolynVoices from Detroit: Oral histories of the un<strong>de</strong>rgroun<strong>de</strong>conomyAt your 2012 confer<strong>en</strong>ce, I propose to scre<strong>en</strong> and discuss all or part of a 20-minutedocum<strong>en</strong>tary, Voices from Detroit, composed of sev<strong>en</strong> rec<strong>en</strong>tly collected<strong>oral</strong> histories—a continuing project that seeks to t<strong>el</strong>l the unwritt<strong>en</strong> story thatis struggling to emerge from the ruins of Detroit. This is the story of how, inan economic climate appar<strong>en</strong>tly <strong>de</strong>signed to <strong>en</strong>sure their failure, people findwork, get food and sh<strong>el</strong>ter, raise their childr<strong>en</strong>, treat illness—oft<strong>en</strong> making upthe means to do so as they go along.Hernán<strong>de</strong>z Águi<strong>la</strong>, El<strong>en</strong>a <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> PazProcesos <strong>de</strong> empo<strong>de</strong>rami<strong>en</strong>to y conflicto. Las empresarias<strong>de</strong> Jalisco, MéxicoEn <strong>la</strong>s últimas tres décadas se ha reconocido <strong>la</strong> exist<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> una re<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo económico y <strong>la</strong> actividad empresarial <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mujeres. Diversosestudios han <strong>de</strong>stacado <strong>la</strong> importante contribución <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s empresarias al crecimi<strong>en</strong>toeconómico a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> creación <strong>de</strong> empleos. No obstante dicho reconocimi<strong>en</strong>to<strong>la</strong> equidad <strong>de</strong> género es un tema que todavía no logra traducirsepl<strong>en</strong>am<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> los ámbitos empresariales.Las mujeres empresarias con autonomía económica, viv<strong>en</strong> procesos <strong>de</strong> empo<strong>de</strong>rami<strong>en</strong>totanto <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> ámbito <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s empresas como <strong>en</strong> su unidad doméstica,pero también <strong>en</strong>fr<strong>en</strong>tan patrones <strong>de</strong> discriminación y segregación simi<strong>la</strong>res alos exist<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>en</strong> otros ámbitos y <strong>el</strong>lo ti<strong>en</strong>e que ver con <strong>el</strong> hecho <strong>de</strong> que <strong>la</strong>sempresarias <strong>en</strong>fr<strong>en</strong>tan diversas barreras institucionales y obstáculos socialesmotivados por razones <strong>de</strong> géneroEste trabajo ti<strong>en</strong>e como objetivo conocer a través <strong>de</strong> los re<strong>la</strong>tos <strong>oral</strong>es <strong>de</strong> estasmujeres, estos procesos <strong>de</strong> empo<strong>de</strong>rami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> empresarias <strong>de</strong> Jalisco, interesaexplorar <strong>el</strong> ejercicio <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r, pero también <strong>la</strong>s acciones <strong>de</strong> conformidad yconflicto. Se parte <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> premisa <strong>de</strong> que <strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> empo<strong>de</strong>rami<strong>en</strong>to no es linealy continuado sino que está ll<strong>en</strong>o <strong>de</strong> altos y bajos <strong>en</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes direcciones.Over the past 30 years, the exist<strong>en</strong>ce of a re<strong>la</strong>tion betwe<strong>en</strong> economic <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>tand the business <strong>en</strong>terprise of wom<strong>en</strong> has be<strong>en</strong> recognized. Researchhas shown the important contribution of business wom<strong>en</strong> to economic growththrough the creation of jobs. Notwithstanding such recognition, g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>requity is a topic that does not readily trans<strong>la</strong>te in the business <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t.Business wom<strong>en</strong> with economic autonomy live and experi<strong>en</strong>ce processes of empowerm<strong>en</strong>twithin the business <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t as w<strong>el</strong>l as in the home, but theyalso confront patterns of discrimination and segregation simi<strong>la</strong>r to those thatexist in other areas of life. This is re<strong>la</strong>ted to the fact that businesswom<strong>en</strong> confrontdiverse institutional barriers and social obstacles motivated by g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r inequity.The objective of this paper is to examine these processes of empowerm<strong>en</strong>tthrough interviews with wom<strong>en</strong> in the business sector located in Jalisco,Mexico. It will explore the exercise of power, but also conformity and conflict.It begins with the premise that the process of empowerm<strong>en</strong>t is not linear andcontinuous, but rather is characterized by zigzags in differ<strong>en</strong>t directions.——————————————————————————————————————————————Sa<strong>la</strong> Raúl González Tuñón – Docum<strong>en</strong>talesPonce, <strong>el</strong> bu<strong>en</strong> pastorAlejandro Areal Vélez——————————————————————————————————————————————C<strong>en</strong>tro <strong>de</strong> Estudios y Formación Marxista——————————————————————————————————————————————Subtema / Subteme 11Arte, cultura, memoria e <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> /Art, culture, memory and Oral History<strong>Los</strong> p<strong>la</strong>ceres <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> memoria: Expresión artística y<strong>la</strong> repres<strong>en</strong>tación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> memoria / The Pleasures ofMemory: Artistic Expression and the Repres<strong>en</strong>tationof Memory / Cultura obrera, arte y políticaMesa / Session 44Coordinan / Chair: Gracie<strong>la</strong> Browarnik, Alexia Masshol<strong>de</strong>r——————————————————————————————————————————————CABRAL, Geovanni GomesLa <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Cultura y <strong>la</strong> Memoria: El arte y<strong>la</strong> poesía <strong>de</strong> los versos <strong>de</strong>l Libro <strong>de</strong> tipo <strong>de</strong> José CostaLeiteEste artículo analiza <strong>la</strong> poesía pres<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> los versos <strong>de</strong> José Costa Leite ysu re<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> <strong>oral</strong>idad y <strong>la</strong> escritura. Sus <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es reflejan <strong>la</strong> importanciaque este tipo <strong>de</strong> poesía docum<strong>en</strong>to impreso lleva como una fu<strong>en</strong>tepara <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r pasajes <strong>de</strong> nuestra <strong>historia</strong>. Nacido <strong>en</strong> Sapé <strong>en</strong> Paraíba, Brasil,actualm<strong>en</strong>te resi<strong>de</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> ciudad <strong>de</strong> Condado <strong>en</strong> Pernambuco. Este poeta ha<strong>de</strong>safiado <strong>el</strong> tiempo por lo que es consi<strong>de</strong>rado como uno <strong>de</strong> los gran<strong>de</strong>s iconos<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> literatura popu<strong>la</strong>r brasileña, sus versos re<strong>la</strong>tan los temas favoritospres<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> imaginario <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cultura popu<strong>la</strong>r como <strong>la</strong>s fiestas, prácticas r<strong>el</strong>igiosas,<strong>en</strong>tre otros versos <strong>de</strong> los cantantes. <strong>Los</strong> <strong>de</strong>safíos <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> memoria y <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong>, buscando reflejar <strong>el</strong> diálogo sobre <strong>el</strong> arte y <strong>la</strong> literatura <strong>de</strong>ntro<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> producción histórica.OLIVERAS, Aníbal y ZANETTI, Dani<strong>el</strong> EstebanLa emerg<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cultura nacional, popu<strong>la</strong>r y <strong>la</strong>tinoamericana<strong>en</strong> San Luis <strong>de</strong> los años 60/70<strong>Los</strong> cambios socioculturales son procesos complejos e inciertos. Las construccionesculturales <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> campo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s artes funcionan como cimi<strong>en</strong>tos pétreoscuando se conjugan con objetivos i<strong>de</strong>ológico-políticos.<strong>Los</strong> años que van <strong>de</strong> 1960 a 1976 fundaron una mirada nueva <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> construcción<strong>de</strong> un movimi<strong>en</strong>to artístico cultural, que marcó <strong>de</strong> forma in<strong>de</strong>leble <strong>el</strong> futuro.Este movimi<strong>en</strong>to artístico cultural, no fue <strong>la</strong> mera expresión costumbrista folklórica<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cultura <strong>de</strong> masas, sino un nuevo mirarse y mirar hacia a<strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong> búsqueda <strong>de</strong>l UNCU RUNA -HOMBRE DE ADENTRO- según Rodolfo Kusch.Esta cultura emerg<strong>en</strong>te i<strong>de</strong>ntitaria, permite a los humanos hermanarse con losotros <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> un lugar concreto, ro<strong>de</strong>ados <strong>de</strong> ut<strong>en</strong>silios que <strong>de</strong>fin<strong>en</strong> -sin dudas<strong>el</strong>s<strong>en</strong>tido primero y último <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> vida.San Luis <strong>de</strong> los años 60-70 no fue aj<strong>en</strong>o a este proceso, y se com<strong>en</strong>zó a percibir<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> poesía, <strong>el</strong> teatro, <strong>la</strong> plástica, <strong>la</strong> música y <strong>la</strong> danza.Esta cultura emerg<strong>en</strong>te marcó hu<strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong> los habitantes sanluiseños, <strong>de</strong>jandosu s<strong>el</strong>lo <strong>en</strong> obras, uso <strong>de</strong> materiales, temáticas, coreografías, que luego <strong>de</strong> casicuar<strong>en</strong>ta años int<strong>en</strong>tamos recuperar, a través <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong>.La tarea <strong>de</strong> rescatar aqu<strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong>s voces que nos cu<strong>en</strong>tan cómo se com<strong>en</strong>zó a gestarun modo difer<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> expresar, sea <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> escritura, <strong>la</strong>s voces y sonidos,<strong>la</strong>s formas y cimbreos <strong>de</strong> cuerpos, nos permitieron reconstruir <strong>la</strong>s hi<strong>la</strong>chas<strong>de</strong>jadas por los pueblos originarios luego <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conquista y los procesos <strong>de</strong>fagocitación.Vale ac<strong>la</strong>rar que este movimi<strong>en</strong>to no es originario <strong>de</strong> San Luis, sino que estesu<strong>el</strong>o, aportó también su granito <strong>de</strong> ar<strong>en</strong>a <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> realización y consolidación <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong> nueva y naci<strong>en</strong>te cultura nacional, popu<strong>la</strong>r y <strong>la</strong>tinoamericana.KAMINSKI, León Fe<strong>de</strong>rico“El Legado <strong>de</strong> Caín”: contracultura, represión y losrecuerdos <strong>de</strong>l paso <strong>de</strong>l Living Theatre por Ouro Preto(Brasil,1971)The authoritarian Brazilian State, un<strong>de</strong>r the military regime (1964-1984),repressed and persecuted not only the leftists (communists, socialists, <strong>la</strong>bourists,etc) but also the social, political and esthetical manifestations of thecalled contraculture, se<strong>en</strong> as a “invisible communism” in the extreme rightistsimaginary, which aimed to <strong>de</strong>stroy the family institution and the Christiantradition, what would make way to a muscovite regime implem<strong>en</strong>tation. Inthis context, in 1971, the members of the r<strong>en</strong>owned group Living Theatre, off-Broadway theater’s pioneers, were arrested wh<strong>en</strong> they were preparing thems<strong>el</strong>vesto take part in the Ouro Preto Winter’s Festival, in Minas Gerais. The45