Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...
Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...
Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...
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Sesiones parale<strong>la</strong>s / Parall<strong>el</strong> sessionsLLONA, Mir<strong>en</strong>La reg<strong>en</strong>eración <strong>de</strong>l cuerpo obrero y <strong>el</strong> pap<strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>madre consci<strong>en</strong>te: instrucción, salud e higi<strong>en</strong>e durant<strong>el</strong>os años treinta <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> País Vasco (España)My int<strong>en</strong>tion is to analyze how the i<strong>de</strong>als of femininity changed among wom<strong>en</strong>of the working c<strong>la</strong>sses in the Basque Country (Spain) in the early tw<strong>en</strong>tiethc<strong>en</strong>tury. This was a period of significant economic <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t and <strong>de</strong>finitionof new cultural patterns. I’ll try to explore, specifically, the awak<strong>en</strong>ing of thes<strong>en</strong>se of social right among working wom<strong>en</strong>.My working hypothesis is that the concept of social citiz<strong>en</strong>ship for wom<strong>en</strong> joineds<strong>el</strong>f-managem<strong>en</strong>t issues of their own body with new mo<strong>de</strong>ls of family organizationand new approaches of re<strong>la</strong>tionships betwe<strong>en</strong> the sexes. From thispoint of view, my study of the <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t of social citiz<strong>en</strong>ship, in the contextof advances in social legis<strong>la</strong>tion and <strong>la</strong>bor and health reforms, seeks to explorethe <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>opm<strong>en</strong>t of new structures of fe<strong>el</strong>ing of femininity and masculinity,which are both on the basis of the transformation of the mo<strong>de</strong>rn family and themo<strong>de</strong>rnization of the concept of social and individual w<strong>el</strong>fare.My int<strong>en</strong>tion is to search the g<strong>en</strong>esis of a new feminine figure among the workingc<strong>la</strong>sses, the conscious mother, a mo<strong>de</strong>l of femininity that required a significantprogress of the <strong>de</strong>bate about the family wage. I’ll try to <strong>de</strong>tect in wom<strong>en</strong>’sconsciousness the beginning of a new i<strong>de</strong>al of responsible par<strong>en</strong>thood, linkedto the figure of the male bread-winner. I’ll also try to <strong>de</strong>termine to which ext<strong>en</strong>tworking-c<strong>la</strong>ss wom<strong>en</strong> took as social progress and as a feature of mo<strong>de</strong>rnizationtheir withdrawal from the <strong>la</strong>bor market and their exclusive <strong>de</strong>dication tobuild a working-home.From the methodological point of view, this research will link <strong>oral</strong> testimoniesof working-c<strong>la</strong>ss wom<strong>en</strong> and the main discourses of the socialist culture andthe social reformism of the thirties in the Basque Country (Spain).Mi int<strong>en</strong>ción es analizar cómo cambiaron los i<strong>de</strong>ales <strong>de</strong> feminidad <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong>smujeres <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s c<strong>la</strong>ses trabajadoras <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> País Vasco (España), <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s primerasdécadas <strong>de</strong>l <strong>siglo</strong> XX, un período <strong>de</strong> importantes transformaciones económicas,<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> nuevas pautas culturales y <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>finición <strong>de</strong> los primeros<strong>de</strong>rechos sociales.Mi hipótesis <strong>de</strong> trabajo es que <strong>el</strong> concepto <strong>de</strong> ciudadanía social para <strong>la</strong>s mujeresincorporó cuestiones re<strong>la</strong>cionadas con <strong>la</strong> autogestión <strong>de</strong> su propio cuerpo,con nuevas formas <strong>de</strong> organización familiar y con nuevos p<strong>la</strong>nteami<strong>en</strong>tos <strong>de</strong>re<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre los sexos. Des<strong>de</strong> este punto <strong>de</strong> vista, mi estudio <strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>sarrollo<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ciudadanía social tratará <strong>de</strong> ver, <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> contexto <strong>de</strong> los avances <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>legis<strong>la</strong>ción social, <strong>la</strong>s reformas <strong>la</strong>b<strong>oral</strong>es y sanitarias, <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> nuevasestructuras <strong>de</strong> s<strong>en</strong>tir <strong>la</strong> feminidad y <strong>la</strong> masculinidad, que están, tanto <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> base<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> transformación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> familia, como <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>rnización <strong>de</strong>l concepto <strong>de</strong>bi<strong>en</strong>estar social e individual.Mi int<strong>en</strong>ción es avanzar <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> génesis <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> figura <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> madre consci<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong>tre<strong>la</strong>s c<strong>la</strong>ses trabajadoras, un mo<strong>de</strong>lo <strong>de</strong> feminidad que requería para su realización<strong>de</strong> avances significativos respecto al <strong>de</strong>bate sobre <strong>el</strong> sa<strong>la</strong>rio familiar.Int<strong>en</strong>taré <strong>de</strong>tectar <strong>la</strong> gestación <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> conci<strong>en</strong>cia fem<strong>en</strong>ina <strong>de</strong> un nuevo i<strong>de</strong>al<strong>de</strong> paternidad responsable, ligado a <strong>la</strong> figura <strong>de</strong>l cabeza <strong>de</strong> familia masculino.También trataré <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>terminar hasta qué punto <strong>la</strong>s mujeres <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s c<strong>la</strong>sestrabajadoras asumieron como un avance social y un rasgo <strong>de</strong> mo<strong>de</strong>rnizaciónsu retirada <strong>de</strong>l mercado <strong>la</strong>b<strong>oral</strong> y como un i<strong>de</strong>al <strong>de</strong> progreso su <strong>de</strong>dicación <strong>en</strong>exclusiva a <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong> un hogar obrero.Des<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> punto <strong>de</strong> vista metodológico, esta investigación pondrá <strong>en</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción,testimonios <strong>oral</strong>es <strong>de</strong> mujeres proce<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cultura obrera <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> época ylos discursos principales <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> cultura socialista y <strong>de</strong>l reformismo social <strong>de</strong> losaños treinta.MACHADO, Van<strong>de</strong>rleiGénero, maternidad y paternidad <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s memorias<strong>de</strong> militantes que combatieron <strong>la</strong> dictadura cívicomilitar<strong>de</strong> BrasilThis work aim analyze left ex-militants reports (<strong>oral</strong> history interviews andmemory books) that fought against the 1964 Brazil’s dictatorship about thematernity and paternity repres<strong>en</strong>tations of that time. We assume that mothersof the politically persecuted people had important role in clear casesof arrest, r<strong>el</strong>ease <strong>de</strong>mands and <strong>de</strong>nounce the way that their family membershad be<strong>en</strong> treated in police stations. In differ<strong>en</strong>t memory records of thesemothers actuation we can see that the repres<strong>en</strong>tations about the traditionalmaternal role was used for family <strong>de</strong>f<strong>en</strong>se and political actuation. Thesefemale and maternal actuation will be opposed to the paternal actuation forhis own persecuted sons and daughters. We aim to un<strong>de</strong>rstand expectations,limits, possibilities and legitimacy of paternal actuation in cases of imprisonm<strong>en</strong>t,torture, <strong>de</strong>ath and disappearance of oppon<strong>en</strong>ts to the dictatorship.We want recognize differ<strong>en</strong>t strategies that mothers and fathers had practicedin these situations.Miranda Reyes, MarianaLa configuración <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntidad <strong>de</strong> género <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mujeresafro<strong>de</strong>sc<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Costa Chica <strong>de</strong> Oaxaca,MéxicoEl género como i<strong>de</strong>ntidad individualizada es <strong>el</strong> eje <strong>de</strong> este trabajo. El análisisse c<strong>en</strong>tra <strong>en</strong> cómo <strong>la</strong> experi<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> participación social y política <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mujeresafro<strong>de</strong>sc<strong>en</strong>di<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Costa Chica configura su i<strong>de</strong>ntidad <strong>de</strong> género. Loque quiero mostrar a partir <strong>de</strong> los testimonios es cómo <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntidad <strong>de</strong> género,<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>dida como <strong>el</strong> ser y estar <strong>en</strong> un contexto <strong>de</strong>terminado, se configura y adquiereun significado difer<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> cada uno <strong>de</strong> los espacios <strong>de</strong> interacción. Es<strong>de</strong>cir, <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r que <strong>la</strong> i<strong>de</strong>ntidad <strong>de</strong> género se articu<strong>la</strong> con otras dim<strong>en</strong>sionescomo <strong>la</strong> raza o <strong>la</strong> etnia.AbstractG<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r as individual i<strong>de</strong>ntity is c<strong>en</strong>tral to this work. The analysis focuses onhow the social and political participation of African <strong>de</strong>sc<strong>en</strong>dant wom<strong>en</strong> of theCosta Chica set their g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>ntity. I want to show, from the testimonies,how g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>ntity, <strong>de</strong>fined as being in a giv<strong>en</strong> context, is set and acquiresa differ<strong>en</strong>t meaning in each space of interaction. It means, un<strong>de</strong>rstanding thatg<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r i<strong>de</strong>ntity is linked to other dim<strong>en</strong>sions such as race or ethnicity.Motta Gonzalez, NancyHistoria <strong>oral</strong> <strong>de</strong> sexualida<strong>de</strong>s y feminida<strong>de</strong>s: construccióni<strong>de</strong>ntitaria <strong>en</strong> mujeres <strong>de</strong> grupos socioculturalesdiversosSe analizan los cambios y continuida<strong>de</strong>s que se pres<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s construccionesi<strong>de</strong>ntitarias fem<strong>en</strong>inas contemporáneas, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> ámbito <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s sexualida<strong>de</strong>s,<strong>de</strong> mujeres negras, transg<strong>en</strong>eristas e indíg<strong>en</strong>as y mestizas-b<strong>la</strong>ncas,pert<strong>en</strong>eci<strong>en</strong>tes a c<strong>la</strong>ses medias, c<strong>la</strong>ses popu<strong>la</strong>res y c<strong>la</strong>se obrera; <strong>de</strong> sectorescampesinos e indíg<strong>en</strong>as <strong>de</strong> resguardo y migrantes indíg<strong>en</strong>as urbanos, <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> surocci<strong>de</strong>nte colombiano.El principal objetivo apunta a registrar procesos <strong>de</strong> subjetivación <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> transformación<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s distintas feminida<strong>de</strong>s contemporáneas, trabajando conceptualm<strong>en</strong>te<strong>la</strong> interseccionalidad, tales como raza, etnicidad, sexualidad,género, c<strong>la</strong>se social edad y g<strong>en</strong>eración. Metodológicam<strong>en</strong>te se mostrará <strong>la</strong>combinación <strong>de</strong> los <strong>en</strong>foques cualitativos (etnografía e <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vida) concuantitativos (datos <strong>de</strong>mográficos c<strong>en</strong>sales). El eje c<strong>en</strong>tral biográfico <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s<strong>en</strong>trevistas ha sido <strong>la</strong> vida sexual <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s mujeres <strong>en</strong> cuatro cohortes g<strong>en</strong>eracionalesy un grupo etáreo que va <strong>de</strong> 20 a 80 años.<strong>Los</strong> testimonios <strong>oral</strong>es muestran los cambios <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s percepciones sobre <strong>el</strong> cuerpofem<strong>en</strong>ino como experi<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> p<strong>la</strong>cer, ya sean experi<strong>en</strong>cias heterosexualesu homosexuales, <strong>la</strong>s nuevas formas <strong>de</strong> viv<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> maternidad y <strong>la</strong> valoración<strong>de</strong> los hijos, <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>la</strong>ciones <strong>en</strong>tre p<strong>la</strong>cer y afecto, amor romántico y proyecto<strong>de</strong> vida <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> mujer, <strong>la</strong> construcción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s feminida<strong>de</strong>s transg<strong>en</strong>eristas y <strong>de</strong>manera transversal <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s difer<strong>en</strong>tes condiciones fem<strong>en</strong>inas <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>la</strong>ciones <strong>de</strong>género: f<strong>en</strong>óm<strong>en</strong>os tales como <strong>la</strong> negociación <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>la</strong>ciones <strong>de</strong> po<strong>de</strong>r <strong>en</strong>trehombres y mujeres y cambios <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s formas <strong>de</strong> dominación patriarcal. Las <strong>historia</strong>s<strong>de</strong> vida dan cu<strong>en</strong>ta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> trayectoria familiar educativa, <strong>la</strong>b<strong>oral</strong> y participaciónsocial o política <strong>en</strong> organizaciones <strong>de</strong> mujeres o movimi<strong>en</strong>tos socialesétnico-raciales, <strong>en</strong> don<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s dim<strong>en</strong>siones <strong>de</strong> raza, grupo étnico, g<strong>en</strong>eración yc<strong>la</strong>se social son factores <strong>de</strong>terminantes <strong>de</strong> estas dinámicas.Change and continuity in the contemporary woman i<strong>de</strong>ntity building processesare analysed within the fi<strong>el</strong>d of sexualities of b<strong>la</strong>ck, transg<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r, indig<strong>en</strong>ousand mixed-race wom<strong>en</strong> in the middle and working c<strong>la</strong>ss, in peasant areasand indig<strong>en</strong>ous resguardos, as w<strong>el</strong>l as indig<strong>en</strong>ous migrants to the cities of theColombian southwest.The main objective is to register processes of subjetivation in the transformationof various contemporary womanhoods, by working conceptually theintersection of race, ethnicity, sexuality, g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r, social c<strong>la</strong>ss, age and g<strong>en</strong>eration.Methodologically, qualitative approaches (ethnography and life stories)will be combined with quantitative ones (using <strong>de</strong>mographic data from thec<strong>en</strong>suses). The c<strong>en</strong>tral axis in the interviews has be<strong>en</strong> the sexual life of wom<strong>en</strong>in four g<strong>en</strong>erational cohorts and an age group from 20 to 80.The <strong>oral</strong> responses show the changes in the perceptions of the female body asa pleasure experi<strong>en</strong>ce, either as hetero or homosexual experi<strong>en</strong>ces, the newways of living motherhood and the worth of childr<strong>en</strong>, the re<strong>la</strong>tionships betwe<strong>en</strong>pleasure and affection, romantic love and feminine life project, the buildingup of transg<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r feminities and, transversally through the various womanconditions in the g<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r re<strong>la</strong>tionships, ph<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong>a such as transactions in thepower re<strong>la</strong>tionships among m<strong>en</strong> and wom<strong>en</strong> and changes in the patriarchal29