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Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...

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Sesiones parale<strong>la</strong>s / Parall<strong>el</strong> sessionsKARMEL, JamesUn<strong>de</strong>rstanding Narrators, Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding Ours<strong>el</strong>ves:Teaching Oral History in a Military CommunityThis paper inclu<strong>de</strong>s an analysis of a history professor’s ext<strong>en</strong>sive <strong>oral</strong> historyproject, conducted in 2011. For the project, un<strong>de</strong>rgraduate stu<strong>de</strong>nts inan American military history c<strong>la</strong>ss split up into small groups and interviewedmilitary veterans and others with military backgrounds for a c<strong>la</strong>ss project.However, the project was more than a standard c<strong>la</strong>ss <strong>oral</strong> history project. Theproject also required stu<strong>de</strong>nts to reflect on the meaning of what they heardfrom narrators and what they learned about thems<strong>el</strong>ves from the interviews.How did the interviews change their perspectives, if at all, on the various warsor military ev<strong>en</strong>ts discussed? How did their perceptions of military veteranschange (if at all) or did their overall views of American military history change?The project took p<strong>la</strong>ce at a college located within a military community, andmany stu<strong>de</strong>nts have military connections. Stu<strong>de</strong>nts in the c<strong>la</strong>ss utilized the<strong>oral</strong> history to <strong>de</strong>v<strong>el</strong>op a more complex un<strong>de</strong>rstanding about both the pastand their own i<strong>de</strong>ntities within a community and national context. Unlike as<strong>el</strong>f-contained c<strong>la</strong>ss <strong>oral</strong> history project, this project focused on the communityrole of the veterans and stu<strong>de</strong>nts as <strong>oral</strong> <strong>historia</strong>ns producing history whilesimultaneously exploring their own s<strong>el</strong>f-i<strong>de</strong>ntities and historical un<strong>de</strong>rstandings.The paper also explores connections betwe<strong>en</strong> the stu<strong>de</strong>nts’ <strong>oral</strong> historywork and <strong>la</strong>rger themes for perceiving the rec<strong>en</strong>t American military historyand compon<strong>en</strong>ts of a broa<strong>de</strong>r national narrative on this history. Finally, thepaper <strong>de</strong>scribes an “Oral History Educational Loop” based on the findings forthis project - a new tool for teaching <strong>oral</strong> history.——————————————————————————————————————————————C<strong>en</strong>tro Cultural <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Cooperación——————————————————————————————————————————————Subtema / Subteme 5Memorias, política y militancias / Memories, politicsand militancies• Experi<strong>en</strong>cias <strong>de</strong> lucha política: movimi<strong>en</strong>tossociales, ONGs, grupos políticos, construcción <strong>de</strong>lmovimi<strong>en</strong>to feminista / NGOs Political Groups,Political Ag<strong>en</strong>cy and IndividualsSa<strong>la</strong> Jacobo Laks - Mesa / Session 25Coordinan / Chair: Antonio Mont<strong>en</strong>egro y Mariana Mastráng<strong>el</strong>o——————————————————————————————————————————————IZQUIERDO, Roberto“Una ceremonia popu<strong>la</strong>r y dos mom<strong>en</strong>tos históricos”.Las ofr<strong>en</strong>das fl<strong>oral</strong>es y guardias perman<strong>en</strong>tesfr<strong>en</strong>te al busto <strong>de</strong> Eva Perón <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s fábricas porteñas,1952-1956According to our hypothesis, the worship to the figures of Juan Perón and EvaPerón, though induced at first by a system of political official propaganda thatwas recognizing in the worship to the personality a constitutive ess<strong>en</strong>tial <strong>el</strong>em<strong>en</strong>t,it was nourished also of the symbolic and cultural spontaneous practiceof the workers and of the secondary c<strong>la</strong>sses, that they re-mean actions, rituals,icons and messages come from the state power and from his propaganda <strong>de</strong>vice.Really, official culture and popu<strong>la</strong>r culture are formed as terms that areinflu<strong>en</strong>ced reciprocally, although the messages, icons and symbols come fromthe official propaganda address necessarily to the popu<strong>la</strong>r sectors, inclu<strong>de</strong>dthe working c<strong>la</strong>ss, for which they must adapt to his symbolic practices.ROMERA NIELFA, Juan Karlos1978ko Aste Nagusia: <strong>la</strong> irrupción <strong>de</strong> un nuevo imaginariocolectivo <strong>en</strong> un <strong>en</strong>torno festivo, <strong>de</strong> gran repercusión<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> crítica a <strong>la</strong> transición pactada<strong>en</strong> España.En agosto <strong>de</strong> 1978 un ev<strong>en</strong>to festivo, <strong>la</strong> Aste Nagusia <strong>de</strong> Bilbao, primera SemanaGran<strong>de</strong> popu<strong>la</strong>r tras <strong>la</strong> dictadura, va a servir <strong>de</strong> cauce <strong>de</strong> expresión <strong>de</strong> unnuevo imaginario social, político y cultural cuyo sujeto histórico va a ser <strong>la</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eraciónjov<strong>en</strong> (nacidos <strong>en</strong>tre 1956 y 1964), es <strong>de</strong>cir, los que <strong>en</strong> 1978 contaban<strong>de</strong> catorce a veinte años.A través <strong>de</strong> una amplia docum<strong>en</strong>tación ( testimonios <strong>oral</strong>es, hemeroteca y bibliografía<strong>de</strong> tipo antropológico sobre <strong>la</strong> fiesta) int<strong>en</strong>taré exponer <strong>la</strong> sigui<strong>en</strong>tetesis: La irrupción <strong>de</strong> un nuevo imaginario colectivo <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>en</strong>torno festivoy su exitoso <strong>de</strong>spliegue iconográfico van a significar un hito importantísimo<strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> proceso <strong>de</strong> transición <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> dictadura fascista <strong>de</strong> Franco a <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocracia,aportando una visión <strong>de</strong>l espacio público, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> acción colectiva y <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>cultura popu<strong>la</strong>r, <strong>en</strong> es<strong>en</strong>cia, nueva, si bi<strong>en</strong> hay que analizar metabolizaciones<strong>de</strong> restos antiguos, interpretaciones <strong>de</strong> lo tradicional y lo contemporáneo, asícomo <strong>la</strong> vincu<strong>la</strong>ción que parece existir <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> pert<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong>cia a grupos primariosy <strong>la</strong> visión <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> comunidad y <strong>de</strong>l espacio político que ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> estas cohortesjuv<strong>en</strong>iles.Algo nuevo apareció <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> esc<strong>en</strong>a festiva, <strong>en</strong> medio <strong>de</strong> un proceso político pactadoque <strong>de</strong>sembocaría <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> promulgación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Constitución <strong>de</strong> 1978, aún vig<strong>en</strong>te<strong>en</strong> España, y <strong>el</strong> Estatuto <strong>de</strong> Autonomía vascongado <strong>de</strong> 1979, subsidiario<strong>de</strong>l or<strong>de</strong>n constitucional m<strong>en</strong>cionado. El verda<strong>de</strong>ro hilo conductor <strong>de</strong>l nuevouniverso simbólico va a ser lo vasco, interpretado y asumido <strong>de</strong> una manera híbrida,y <strong>la</strong> aus<strong>en</strong>cia notoria <strong>de</strong> todo <strong>el</strong> imaginario republicano, que al no habersido exitosam<strong>en</strong>te transmitido, se <strong>en</strong>contraba inactivo, aus<strong>en</strong>te e ignorado <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong> g<strong>en</strong>eración jov<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Aste Nagusia <strong>de</strong> 1978.In August 1978 a festival ev<strong>en</strong>t, Bilboko Aste Nagusia, the first popu<strong>la</strong>r majorweek after the dictatorship, is going to be an expressive way of a new social,political and cultural imaginery whose historical subject is going to be theyouth g<strong>en</strong>eration (born betwe<strong>en</strong> 1956 and 1964) , i.e., the ones who were betwe<strong>en</strong>14-20 years old in 1978.Thanks to an ext<strong>en</strong>sive docum<strong>en</strong>tation (<strong>oral</strong> testimonies, news paper archiveand anthropologic, bibliographies about the feast). I will try to expose thefollowing thesis: The irruption of a new collective imaginery in the festiva<strong>la</strong>tmosphere and its successful iconographic <strong>de</strong>ploym<strong>en</strong>t are going to mean avery important milestone in the transitional period process from Franco’s fascistdictatorship to the <strong>de</strong>mocracy giving a vision of the public space, collectiveaction and popu<strong>la</strong>r culture, basically new, although transformations of anci<strong>en</strong>ttraces should be analysed, interpretations of the traditional and contemporaryways as w<strong>el</strong>l as the putative link betwe<strong>en</strong> the b<strong>el</strong>onging to primary groupsand the vision of the community and of the political space professed by thesesjuv<strong>en</strong>iles cohorts.Something new appeared in the festival sc<strong>en</strong>e, in the context of an agreed apolitical process which led into the <strong>en</strong>actm<strong>en</strong>t of the 1978 Constitution, still inforce in Spain, and the 1979 Statute of the Basque Autonomy, subsidiary of theabove m<strong>en</strong>tioned constitutional or<strong>de</strong>r.The really driving force of the new symbolic universe is going to be the Basque,interpreted and consi<strong>de</strong>red as an hybrid way and the remarkable abs<strong>en</strong>ce ofall the Republican imaginery which have not be<strong>en</strong> successfully transmitted, itwas inactive, missed and ignored in the young g<strong>en</strong>eration of the Aste Nagusia1978.The link betwe<strong>en</strong> the Basque culture and the left-wing nationalist policy, thesearch of the basics in the country si<strong>de</strong> world, perhaps, s<strong>el</strong>f-organization sawnby the youngster g<strong>en</strong>eration, special protagonist of the Aste Nagusia 1978 willbe the <strong>de</strong>cisive features of subsequ<strong>en</strong>t social, political, cultural, artistic andlinguistic success and failures.Cabral do Nacim<strong>en</strong>to, Alcilei<strong>de</strong>El movimi<strong>en</strong>to feminista <strong>en</strong> Recife y <strong>la</strong> ciudadaníapolítica: Un <strong>de</strong>bate <strong>en</strong> torno al sexismo <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> políticarepublicana (1931-1934)Esta pres<strong>en</strong>tación analiza como <strong>el</strong> Movimi<strong>en</strong>to Feminista <strong>en</strong> Recife problematizó<strong>el</strong> sil<strong>en</strong>cio y <strong>la</strong> negación <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>rechos políticos a <strong>la</strong>s mujeres, durante <strong>la</strong>Primera República Brasileña instaurada <strong>en</strong> 1889. La Constitución Republicana<strong>de</strong> 1891 estableció <strong>el</strong> sexismo político al sancionar que ap<strong>en</strong>as los hombresalfabetizados, mayores <strong>de</strong> 21 años, serían consi<strong>de</strong>rados ciudadanos. Estratégicam<strong>en</strong>te,<strong>la</strong>s feministas focalizaron <strong>la</strong> conquista <strong>de</strong> los <strong>de</strong>rechos políticos,como posibilidad <strong>de</strong> alcanzar <strong>la</strong> igualdad civil y los <strong>de</strong>rechos sociales.La int<strong>en</strong>sa utilización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> pr<strong>en</strong>sa, <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> radio y <strong>la</strong> fundación <strong>de</strong> periódicos yrevistas por <strong>la</strong>s feministas hab<strong>la</strong>ban <strong>de</strong> prácticas <strong>de</strong> libertad y <strong>de</strong> juegos <strong>de</strong>po<strong>de</strong>r, que buscaban re<strong>de</strong>finir <strong>la</strong>s re<strong>la</strong>ciones <strong>de</strong> género posibles <strong>en</strong> los marcos<strong>de</strong>l régim<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>mocrático. Al final, ¿don<strong>de</strong> resi<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>en</strong>tre hombresy mujeres que alim<strong>en</strong>tan <strong>la</strong> exclusión fem<strong>en</strong>ina <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ar<strong>en</strong>a política? Ésa pareceser <strong>la</strong> cuestión fundam<strong>en</strong>tal colocada por difer<strong>en</strong>tes feministas <strong>de</strong> Recife y<strong>de</strong> otras capitales <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> <strong>de</strong>bate sobre <strong>la</strong> exclusión <strong>de</strong> los espacios públicos <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong>cisiones políticas. En Recife surgió, <strong>en</strong> 1931, una organización feministacon ese propósito: <strong>la</strong> Fe<strong>de</strong>ração Pernambucana para o Progresso Feminino, li<strong>de</strong>radapor Edwiges <strong>de</strong> Sá Pereira, poetisa, escritora, profesora e int<strong>el</strong>ectual<strong>de</strong> importancia <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> esc<strong>en</strong>ario <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ciudad. Para <strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong>, <strong>la</strong>s reivindicaciones <strong>de</strong><strong>la</strong>s mujeres no <strong>de</strong>berían provocar “rec<strong>el</strong>os” <strong>de</strong> “perturbación social”, porquetodo sería realizado “<strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong> los límites <strong>de</strong>l programa”. Al final, <strong>la</strong> mujer nopret<strong>en</strong>día tomar <strong>el</strong> lugar <strong>de</strong> los hombres, como los incautos diagnosticaban,porque, según <strong>la</strong> feminista, “cooperar no era usurpar, completar no era anu-96

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