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Los retos de la historia oral en el siglo XXI: diversidades ...

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Sesiones parale<strong>la</strong>s / Parall<strong>el</strong> sessions11.15 a 13.15 horasC<strong>en</strong>tro Cultural G<strong>en</strong>eral San Martín——————————————————————————————————————————————Subtema / Subteme 2Teoría, método y <strong>en</strong>señanza <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> /Theory, method and .the teaching and learning ofOral HistorySa<strong>la</strong> C - Mesa / Session 73Coordinan / Chair: Gabrie<strong>la</strong> Fernán<strong>de</strong>z y Fabio Castro——————————————————————————————————————————————SILVA, Rafa<strong>el</strong> da Silva eUsing Oral History in the History of Education: An experim<strong>en</strong>twith Japanese education in the city of Santos(1908 - 1943)This work int<strong>en</strong>ds to analyze the possibilities of the use of Oral History as atechnique to obtain historical sources <strong>de</strong>parting from a previous study ma<strong>de</strong>as an in-<strong>de</strong>pth dissertation about Japanese education in the city of Santos,coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, betwe<strong>en</strong> 1908 and 1943. The establishedtime frame begins with the arrival of the first Japanese immigrants in Santos,on board of the Kasatu Maru, and <strong>en</strong>ds with the expulsion from the cityof all Japanese, Italian and German immigrants due to the nationalist policyof Presi<strong>de</strong>nt Getúlio Vargas and the context of the Second World War. Duringthis period, the Japanese were able to thrive in the city, building schools forthe teaching of their native <strong>la</strong>nguage, notably the Esco<strong>la</strong> Japonesa <strong>de</strong> Santos,which functioned as a c<strong>en</strong>ter uniting other schools of its kind. In thiss<strong>en</strong>se, the study uses Oral History techniques to collect concise live historiesfrom former stu<strong>de</strong>nts of the aforem<strong>en</strong>tioned institution. It also resortedto interviews thematically focused on the history of the school with otherpeople that were somehow clos<strong>el</strong>y connected with the institution. This studyis also based in the work of author Zei<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> Brito Fabri Demartini, whose researchfollowed a simi<strong>la</strong>r path thematically and methodologically, focusingon immigrant education, including among the Japanese, in the State of SãoPaulo. Also of significance were works of authors Tomoo Handa, that makesa great retrospective of the Japanese immigration in Brazil; and Iroshi Saito,that divi<strong>de</strong>s the History Japanese immigration in Brazil in three differ<strong>en</strong>t periods;among others. Finally, this work has among its final consi<strong>de</strong>rations thepossibility of Oral History, in conjunction with other kind of sources, as a tollfor a better un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of the complex cultural <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t that formsinsi<strong>de</strong> educational institutions.VIEIRA, Alboni Marisa Du<strong>de</strong>que PianovskiLa memoria <strong>de</strong> los co<strong>la</strong>boradores <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> reconstrucción<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>de</strong> una institución <strong>de</strong> educaciónsuperiorSe trata <strong>de</strong> una investigación con <strong>el</strong> objetivo <strong>de</strong> reconstruir <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>de</strong> unauniversidad privada, ubicada <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> sur <strong>de</strong> Brasil, a partir <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> experi<strong>en</strong>cia vividapor los co<strong>la</strong>boradores que <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong> actúan hace más <strong>de</strong> veinte años. El trabajoconsi<strong>de</strong>ra <strong>la</strong> re<strong>la</strong>ción <strong>en</strong>tre <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> e <strong>historia</strong> <strong>de</strong> vida, <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> contexto<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> cultural. Como apoyo teórico fueron usadas <strong>la</strong>s reflexiones <strong>de</strong>autores como Magalhães (2004) y Nos<strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong> y Buffa (2008), con respecto a <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong><strong>de</strong> instituciones educativas; <strong>de</strong> Saviani (2007), sobre <strong>el</strong> concepto <strong>de</strong> instituciónesco<strong>la</strong>r; <strong>de</strong> Alberti (2005) sobre <strong>la</strong> metodología <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong>; <strong>de</strong>Souza (2008), <strong>en</strong> lo que dice respeto a <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>de</strong> vida y abordaje biográfico,<strong>en</strong>tre otros. Des<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> punto <strong>de</strong> vista metodológico, <strong>la</strong> investigación, <strong>de</strong> carácterinterdisciplinar, está c<strong>en</strong>trada <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> estudio <strong>de</strong> caso, y <strong>la</strong> colecta <strong>de</strong> datosfue realizada con <strong>la</strong> utilización <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong>. Las <strong>en</strong>trevistas, a<strong>de</strong>más <strong>de</strong>proporcionar al investigador <strong>la</strong> oportunidad <strong>de</strong> dar significado a acciones y<strong>el</strong>ecciones <strong>de</strong>l pasado, posibilitan a los <strong>en</strong>trevistados <strong>la</strong> reflexión sobre su trayectoria<strong>de</strong> vida personal y su i<strong>de</strong>ntidad profesional. Tras oír a los co<strong>la</strong>boradoresmás antiguos, fueron categorizadas <strong>la</strong>s respuestas que, interpretadas a <strong>la</strong>luz <strong>de</strong>l contexto histórico-educativo don<strong>de</strong> ocurrieron y cotejadas con fu<strong>en</strong>tesescritas y visuales, posibilitaron <strong>la</strong> reconstrucción <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> instituciónaliada a <strong>la</strong> compr<strong>en</strong>sión por los <strong>en</strong>trevistados, <strong>de</strong> su rol como sujeto <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><strong>historia</strong> estudiada.This research aims to reconstruct the history of a private university located insouthern Brazil, from the lived experi<strong>en</strong>ce of employees who work on it forover tw<strong>en</strong>ty years. The paper consi<strong>de</strong>rs the link betwe<strong>en</strong> <strong>oral</strong> story and lifehistory in the context of cultural history. As theoretical support, the reflectionswere used by authors such as Magalhães (2004) and Nos<strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong> and Buffa(2008), in re<strong>la</strong>tion to the history of educational institutions; Saviani (2007),about the concept of educational institution; Alberti (2005) regarding the methodologyof <strong>oral</strong> history; <strong>de</strong> Souza (2008), regarding the life histories and biographica<strong>la</strong>pproach, among others. From the methodological point of view,research, interdisciplinary, is c<strong>en</strong>tered on the case study was conducted tocollect data with the use of <strong>oral</strong> history. The interviews, they propitiate theresearcher the opportunity to give meaning to actions and choices of thepast, allowed respon<strong>de</strong>nts to reflect on their life path and professional i<strong>de</strong>ntity.After hearing the ol<strong>de</strong>r employees, the responses were categorized, interpretedin light of historical context in which education occurred and col<strong>la</strong>tedwith writt<strong>en</strong> and visual sources, allowed the reconstruction of the history ofthe institution together with the un<strong>de</strong>rstanding by respon<strong>de</strong>nts of its role as asubject history studied.GOODMAN-GOULD, Jill y GRADOWSKI, GailUsing Online Vi<strong>de</strong>o Oral Histories in University Coursesacross the CurriculumGracias a Internet, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> actualidad los educadores ti<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> un acceso sin prece<strong>de</strong>ntesa <strong>la</strong>s <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es. Estamos evaluando <strong>la</strong> manera <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> que <strong>la</strong>s<strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es <strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o puedan utilizarse e integrarse <strong>en</strong> distintas c<strong>la</strong>ses <strong>de</strong>cursos universitarios. Actualm<strong>en</strong>te los educadores pue<strong>de</strong>n disponer fácilm<strong>en</strong>te<strong>de</strong> una amplia gama <strong>de</strong> <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es, <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> colecciones pequeñas como<strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong>trevistas <strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> Ball State University a 40 miembros <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> 1ª División<strong>de</strong> Infantería <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Guerra <strong>de</strong> Vietnam <strong>de</strong>l Ejército <strong>de</strong> los Estados Unidos hastaext<strong>en</strong>sos archivos <strong>de</strong> <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es tales como <strong>el</strong> archivo digital D<strong>en</strong>sho conmás <strong>de</strong> 600 <strong>en</strong>trevistas <strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o que docum<strong>en</strong>tan los campos <strong>de</strong> conc<strong>en</strong>traciónpara japoneses <strong>en</strong> los Estados Unidos durante <strong>la</strong> Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lavariedad ya es digna <strong>de</strong> admiración y está creci<strong>en</strong>do rápidam<strong>en</strong>te junto conlos <strong>en</strong><strong>la</strong>ces a <strong>la</strong>s herrami<strong>en</strong>tas educativas y a los recursos complem<strong>en</strong>tarios. Alcompartir nuestras propias experi<strong>en</strong>cias mediante <strong>el</strong> empleo <strong>de</strong> una colección<strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>o <strong>de</strong> los testimonios <strong>de</strong>l Holocausto <strong>en</strong> un curso <strong>de</strong> escritura avanzada<strong>en</strong> Santa C<strong>la</strong>ra University y evaluar una gama <strong>de</strong> otros cursos universitarios<strong>en</strong> difer<strong>en</strong>tes disciplinas que actualm<strong>en</strong>te usan <strong>en</strong>trevistas y testimonios <strong>en</strong>línea como parte <strong>de</strong> su programa <strong>de</strong> estudios, sost<strong>en</strong>emos que los proyectosmultimedia diseñados <strong>de</strong> manera creativa basados <strong>en</strong> <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es <strong>en</strong> vi<strong>de</strong>oson exclusivam<strong>en</strong>te idóneos para hacer participar a los estudiantes <strong>de</strong>lmil<strong>en</strong>io <strong>en</strong> investigaciones auténticas. Estaremos a cargo <strong>de</strong> evaluar <strong>el</strong> diseño<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s asignaciones y <strong>la</strong> pedagogía, <strong>la</strong> participación <strong>de</strong> los estudiantes, losproductos finales, <strong>la</strong>s maneras <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s que se realiza <strong>la</strong> misión educativa <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>scolecciones y los b<strong>en</strong>eficios adicionales <strong>de</strong> los estudiantes que construy<strong>en</strong> losconocimi<strong>en</strong>tos que necesitan para <strong>el</strong> <strong>siglo</strong> <strong>XXI</strong>, que incluye información, medios<strong>de</strong> comunicación y digitales.FREUND, Alexan<strong>de</strong>r y JIMENEZ ,MarioWorking Toward Trust and Structural Healing: OralHistory as Participatory Action ResearchEste trabajo investiga <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong> como una forma <strong>de</strong> investigación-acciónparticipativa (IAP). PAR es <strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>dida aquí como <strong>la</strong> co<strong>la</strong>boración universidad-comunidadque trata <strong>de</strong> compartir <strong>la</strong> autoridad <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> conceptualización<strong>de</strong>l proyecto (diseño y <strong>la</strong> financiación), participando <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> recolección <strong>de</strong>datos y análisis (investigación), y <strong>el</strong> control <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> utilización <strong>de</strong> los resultados(archivo y difusión). El docum<strong>en</strong>to analiza <strong>la</strong> práctica <strong>en</strong> lo que forma <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong><strong>oral</strong> es <strong>de</strong> por sí ya es una forma <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> IAP, <strong>la</strong> forma <strong>en</strong> que se pue<strong>de</strong>ext<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>r a todas <strong>la</strong>s fases <strong>de</strong> un proyecto <strong>de</strong> investigación, y los riesgos yoportunida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> PAR-inspirado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>oral</strong>. El docum<strong>en</strong>to se basa<strong>en</strong> un caso concreto, un estudio <strong>de</strong> cuatro años, <strong>el</strong> proyecto financiado confondos fe<strong>de</strong>rales sobre <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>de</strong> los refugiados <strong>en</strong> Manitoba, Canadá,<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> 1945 hasta <strong>el</strong> pres<strong>en</strong>te. El proyecto consiste <strong>en</strong> trabajar con tres comunida<strong>de</strong>sdifer<strong>en</strong>tes: los refugiados proce<strong>de</strong>ntes <strong>de</strong> Europa que llegaron<strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Segunda Guerra Mundial, los refugiados <strong>de</strong> los países <strong>de</strong> AméricaLatina, específicam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>de</strong> El Salvador, que llegó <strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>el</strong> 1970 a 1990, ylos refugiados <strong>de</strong> varios países africanos y asiáticos que llegaron a <strong>la</strong> década<strong>de</strong> 1990 y 2010 y se instaló <strong>en</strong> un barrio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> ciudad interior <strong>en</strong> Winnipeg. Encada caso, los socios <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> comunidad eran muy difer<strong>en</strong>tes: los refugiadoseuropeos establecidos y sus organizaciones proporcionan <strong>el</strong> acceso a sus archivosy grabado previam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>la</strong>s <strong>historia</strong>s <strong>oral</strong>es, así como oportunida<strong>de</strong>spara <strong>en</strong>trevistas <strong>de</strong> seguimi<strong>en</strong>to y <strong>en</strong>trevistas con los hijos y nietos <strong>de</strong> losrefugiados, <strong>la</strong>s personas interesadas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> salvadoreña comunidad que seocupa <strong>de</strong> salvar <strong>la</strong>s muchas fisuras <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l grupo salvadoreño y <strong>de</strong>jar unlegado para sus hijos, y una organización vecinal sin ánimo <strong>de</strong> lucro que seha interesado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>historia</strong> <strong>de</strong>l barrio y <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong>cir “nuestras propias <strong>historia</strong>s<strong>en</strong> vez <strong>de</strong> haber <strong>historia</strong>s contadas acerca <strong>de</strong> nosotros “.95

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