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1980198219841986198819901992199419961998200020022004Millions ($)Trends in Pension Plan Status and Long-term DebtIt is important to look at the historical evolution of the DB pension plan elements andLTD accounts to understand the way they are evaluated by the markets. Figure 1reports the time series of the aggregate funding level for all the companies inCompustat with available pension items and for all firms with available LTD information.200015001000500Aggregate Funding StatusAggregate Long-Term Debt0-500YearsFigure 1. Aggregate Pension Plan Status and Long-Term Debt Levels. The graph reports thedifference between aggregate assets (FVPA) and aggregate benefits (PBO) for the companies in thesample. Also, the aggregate level of long-term debt (LTD) for the companies in the sample is presented.As can be observed from Figure 1, an aggregate underfunding appears, for the firsttime in our sample, in 1994. In 1996 the funding status of DB pension plans started toimprove and in 1997, concurring with the bull market of the second half of the 1990s,pension plan assets grew more than benefits, and peaked in 1999 at about $163 billion.On March of 2000 the Internet bubble exploded causing stock prices to decrease and,as a result, the FVPA dropped. In 2001 the gap between the PBO and the FVPA is ofalmost $85 million. Major economic events effects arose from September 11, 2001attacks, with initial impact causing global markets to drop sharply. Then, on 2002, asurplus appears, reaching about $754 million in aggregate overfunding. In 2003,another aggregate underfunding appears. This is in contrast to an aggregateoverfunding of $1.3 billion in 2004, the highest aggregate overfunding for the whole
sample period. For 2005, another aggregate underfunding appears; the biggest changein funding status. It reaches almost $1.5 billion in deficit on a year to year basis.As for LTD, a tendency to increase over the years is observed. From 1996 to 1997,the increase in the aggregate level of LTD is almost 323%. This is the biggest increasein the level of aggregate debt for the whole sample. It concurred with the bull marketassociated to the Internet bubble. In 1997 it peaked, reaching an aggregate level ofalmost $7.5 trillion. Then, in 1998 it started to decrease averaging $6.3 trillion between1998 and 2005.Descriptive StatisticsTable 1 provides summary statistics on the main pension and LTD items and ratios.The average FVPA for the whole sample is about $645 million and the average PBO isabout $664 million (about 103% of the FVPA). The average funding level is -17%, incontrast to the median which is almost 0%. The minimum FR is -5940%, while themaximum is 154%. The average PRE is about $22.3 million, while the median is about$2.18 million. The minimum PRE is -$3.489 billion and the maximum is $3.435 billion.Table 2 reports descriptive statistics of the FR portfolios. The characteristics inPanel A are measured at the end of fiscal year t – 1 relative to portfolio formation. Forthe most underfunded firms the average FR is about -515%. In contrast, for the leastunderfunded firms it is about -0.1% and 8.8% for the portfolio that contains overfundedfirms. The most underfunded firms have higher levels of LTDR. A consistent decreasein LTDR is observed through portfolio ten. The average size of the firms increasesalmost consistently. Smaller firms are concentrated in the most underfunded portfolio.Firms in portfolio eleven have the second smallest average size of all the portfolios. Asfor B/M, value firms are concentrated in the most underfunded portfolio. Panel Breports means and standard deviations for the excess returns of underfunded firms’portfolios. Average returns increase as you move from portfolio one through ten. Asexpected, firms with higher levels of FR have the lowest average returns.Table 3 presents the characteristics for portfolios formed based on LTDR. Firms inthe first portfolio have highest levels of LTDR and firms in the tenth portfolio have lowerlevels of LTDR. The eleventh portfolio contains firms that have no LTD. The firms in
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A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHANGES I
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ABSTRACTThe Financial Accounting St
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Restricted stock grants provide man
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December 15, 2002, i.e. for compani
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Semerdzhian (2004) found that certa
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Sample selection for Empirical test
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y changing the selection method to
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TABLE 2Number of Equity Compensatio
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TABLE 4 (A) Changes to the Equity C
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awarding stock options to employees
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REFERENCESBarron, John M. and Glen
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Análisis Comprensivo de la Inciden
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pagar el impuesto anualmente, sólo
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Ingresos por bebidas alcohólicas 1
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primarias y secundarias de informac
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y una variable continua que denota
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-0.015334 0.154764 -0.099081-0.0049
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considera , continuando con y final
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existen factores con significación
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disminuye en 26.9% si el bien inmue
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REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICASAaron, H
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7TH Quest Conference for Global Com
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Las crisis económicas se presentan
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ancos aportaban al sistema (Marcus
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Objetivos de InvestigaciónEl riesg
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MetodologíaPara llevar a cabo las
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Análisis de DatosLa variable depen
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determinar si el riesgo del banco e
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Tabla 5. Medidas estadísticas de r
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La reducción gradual de la proporc
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ResultadosDespués de aplicar las r
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Modelo 1: MCO, usando las observaci
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y VEVI son variables en donde los c
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ConclusionesLos ratios financieros
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Kane, E.J., 1995. “Three Paradigm
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• ABSTRACTReducing emissions of g
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Obtención por la empresadesde la m
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señala que es necesario revisar y
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La secuencia de una inversión en D
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de información públicaElaboració
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EntidadOperacionalDesignadaAnálisi
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d) La necesidad o no de acudir a un
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Una vez calculadas las unidades de
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c) Agilizan la coordinación y comu
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El estudio de la viabilidad legal d
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y análisis de sensibilidad elabora
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casos, los análisis convencionales
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VII. CONCLUSIONESLos proyectos de d
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Coase, R. H. (1960): The Problem of
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IMPACT OF US HACCP REGULATION ON EX
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TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT .........
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1. INTRODUCTIONThere has been a not
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The potential positive impact remai
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where because of their content and
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Figure 1 Effect of Standards on wil
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Where; F ij is the attractive force
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That is, I is a cumulative comparis
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of food businesses and transportati
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2.3 Microbiological CriteriaUS stan
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magnitude and direction of the impa
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Fish Consumption2001). There may al
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have had a negative impact on expor
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Hufbauer, G, Kotschwar, B, & Wilson
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8. APPENDICESAppendix 1- US and EU
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Muscle meat of swordfish 0.1Crustac
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Benchmarking for International Comp
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IntroductionThere is little doubt t
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and, the strategy, structure and ri
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Source: Cho, D-A & Moon, H-C (2006)
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For competitiveness analysis, the I
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anking were drawn exclusively from
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Land area measured in 000’ hectar
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the GDP, increase the export of loc
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Local supplier quantity- Survey Dat
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counterparts. The quality of manage
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Productivity -Manufacturing: % of G
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HDI- ScoreSource: UNDP Human Develo
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Jamaica, unfortunately have had a l
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productivity. The implication for s
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Factores que Influyen en el Consumi
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IntroducciónEn los últimos veinte
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Aunque el impacto positivo de las i
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En la literatura actual relacionada
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ofrece un vivo ejemplo de arraigo a
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Sin embargo, ni en la clasificació
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Análisis de DatosLos resultados de
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En relación a los patrones de cons
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justa a los artistas. Además, poco
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Así, se refuerza que la edad es un
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precio razonable para un disco comp
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ConclusionesLos objetivos de este a
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Matos, N. 2007. La conducta de comp
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRSOBRE LOS AUTORESFÉ
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRINTRODUCCIONImportan
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl 72.3% de la pobla
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl puerto más impor
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRTabla 3. Principales
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRplantas generadores
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa continua desvalor
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ESTUDIO CUBA PROPORTUNIDADES SECTOR
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. Banco Financiero
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR2. Banca hipotecaria
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLas aplicaciones de
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRtres pisos necesitan
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRIndustria de Aliment
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRcongeladaCamarón en
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRDextrana ND 450,000
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa industria se cara
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa industria de conf
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRcubanos dominan otro
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. Colaboración en
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRreportando 2.3 millo
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR3. Posee 4,347 milla
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRprohibido para ellos
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRTabla 13. Región Or
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl Oriente cubano pu
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. En concreto y bas
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRMinisterio de la Ind
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2PERFIL DEL EGRESADO DE LOS PROGRAM
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4competencias que fundamenten los c
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6Este proyecto, meritorio en muchas
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8profesional sino, más generalment
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10METODOLOGIAInstrumentoEste estudi
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12Factor PrincipalPoco más de la t
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14Este factor resalta la orientaci
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16Las premisas secundarias reflejan
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18problemas concretos y en menor me
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20del total de premisas presentadas
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22Pareceria que de alguna manera vi
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24Conocimiento Concreto, Integridad
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26DISCUSION DE RESULTADOSLos result
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28mención aparte. Las premisas rel
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30de lo que otros estudios habían
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Porter, L. W. & McKibbin, L. E., (1
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AbstractIn any enterprise, it is de
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efore his people could do their bes
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George called Frank into his office
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well liked and respected throughout
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George was devastated, as anyone wo
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since the time she herself had firs
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they would be ready to accept the n
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The others, unfortunately, were not
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adjusting the machine, which skewed
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The workers were handpicked and hig
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To make this run chart into a contr
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In this case, there is a data point
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It should be obvious by now that se
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In real life systems, do we sometim
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The governance of our businesses, s
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Competitive priorities of high and
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Deshmukh, 2001, pp. 884) that manuf
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within the production process helps
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Figure 2: Descriptive statistics of
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Table 2: Division of the sample acc
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Figure 4: Rise and fall in producti
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same is true for middle performers
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Figure 9: The difference in usage o
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performance measures, then one shou
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Flynn, B.B., Flynn, E.J. (2004),
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El Efecto del País de Origen en la
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IntroducciónEl desarrollo de estra
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estructuras que son desarrollados p
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H1: El efecto del país de origen e
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un vinculo patriótico hacia una na
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no patrióticos, los productos extr
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actitudes hacia la guerra. Mientras
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por Internet. La muestra final fue
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los menos etnocentristas, patriotas
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para Puerto Rico (.573), España (.
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(2003) quienes señalan que el impa
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de Mooij, M. (2004) Consumer Behavi
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Marin, C.E. & Miquel, S. (1997). Ev
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Tabla 1Promedio en los niveles de E
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Tabla 4Análisis de Correlación de
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Education as strategy for global co
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IntroductionStudies conducted over
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entrepreneurship as any attempt to
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expectation entrepreneurial activit
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ased on their personal experiences
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collection, a decision was made to
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those relevant concepts and to be m
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Table 1: Examples of Opportunities
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and entrepreneurial issues as a key
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the entrepreneurial functions tend
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ReferencesAcs, Z. B. (2009). The Kn
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Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Cons
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UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICORECINTO D
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1. INTRODUCCIÓNLa estandarización
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imponen a las dos partes obligacion
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Para ilustrar las razones de sus du
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A la vista de esta situación y tra
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egistros que genera son comparables
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Por ejemplo, los aseguradores de ri
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La evaluación del impacto ambienta
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A la vista de los datos anteriores,
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Por otra parte del total de proyect
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características de la flora y la f
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Así por ejemplo, según se refleja
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proyectos suponen una disminución
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Direción General de Protección Ci
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Unión Europea 2000 a, Data for sho
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La Competitividad Internacional de
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vertiginosamente. De ahí la pertin
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más económicos va a ser convenien
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Del 1987 al 2002 los datos de expor
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Fuente: Porter, Michael E. (1990) L
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1987 - 2005Fuente: Cómputos de la
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productividad, lo cual requeriría
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Tabla 2: Industrias Competitivas en
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VIII.AnálisisPuerto Rico ha tenido
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En el 1987 existían diversos incen
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Puerto Rico, además, cuenta con ec
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En sectores industriales relacionad
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de esta industria ha sido su perita
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Un socio importante de las industri
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IX.ConclusionesPuerto Rico cada dí
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Consejo de Educación Superior. (ma
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Vega-Rosado, L. L. (2005). “La Co
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Are Domestic and International Food
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usiness f ormat f ranch is in g 3 ,
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T he l iterature review i n cluded
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H 2B: O lder f ranch iso r s ’ (
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f inancial perf ormance repre senta
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d is cussin g choice of Law/Venue.
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poorly in any of our 14 points pre
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s cheme had a total of 1 4 quest io
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V a r i a b l eO p t i o n sN a t i
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O ve ra ll, we a re of the opin ion
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H y p o t h e s i s C h i - S q u a
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ConclusionsA cco rd in g to the r e
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F edera l T ra de C ommission. 2009
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Cultural Impact on Management Style
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IntroductionCaribbean governments a
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other Caribbean authors, commentato
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while at the same time, enabling th
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invited to reject the EPAs and cont
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CEO of Barbados Private Sector Trad
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Fourth, after obtaining the respons
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process. In that connection, CARICO
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of CARICOM, except Guyana, opted to
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[7] Caribbean Regional Negotiating
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IntroducciónLos negocios internaci
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categorías específicas de ropa y
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miles de millones, sobrepasando las
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Comportamiento de las Exportaciones
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En esta misma tabla se puede notar
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Los países de Centroamérica: Hond
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mexicana de capitalizar éxitos e i
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Las cantidades de países más impo
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Los subcapítulos del cuadro anteri
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Por estas cifras y su alta particip
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de entre los 20 países exportadore
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Blázquez-Lidoy, Jorge, Javier Rodr
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United States International Trade C
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Tabla # 4:RELACIÓN DEL 70% DE SUB
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Keywords: stimulus, incentives, tra
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This study presents the first known
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education groups and is deeper for
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Many factors have contributed to th
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Organizational ecology theory deals
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showed no effect overall. Overall,
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difficulties arose while gathering
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Related to the prerequisite of taki
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attempt is done to measure in real
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ConclusionSection 5. Conclusion and
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Workforce Investment Act (WIA), als
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Birch, D. (1981) “Who Creates Job
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Sharma Ravi Teja, (2010), Happy New
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i) Own _____________ii) Provided un
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EL NEGOCIO DE INTERCAMBIO (BARTER)E
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Quest conference, UPR 3N uestra, a
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Quest conference, UPR 5pája ro s r
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Quest conference, UPR 7D esd e u n
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Quest conference, UPR 9de un m i ll
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Quest conference, UPR 11T abla 2: p
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Quest conference, UPR 13C on la com
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Quest conference, UPR 15ve z sea m
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Quest conference, UPR 17R e fere nc
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La Espiritualidad En El Lugar De Tr
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(Mitroff, 2003). Las personas no s
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individual será orientado hacia un
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las razones adecuadas, aunque esto
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piensa cooperativamente y/o altruis
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información sobre el tipo de organ
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ResultadosA continuación se presen
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Tabla 3 Definición de Espiritualid
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La religión es una expresión de l
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espeto, confidencialidad, compañer
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comunión espiritual con Dios, Papa
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mañanas oramos juntos. Una media h
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Cuando se les preguntó si conocía
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Las opiniones en cuanto a la tolera
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De acuerdo a Mitroff y Denton (1999
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BibliografíaAnonymous. 2001. “HR
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Ortiz González, L. Mayo 2002. “L
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2EL RAZONAMIENTO BIOETICO Y LA ORIE
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4acumulada al momento es contradict
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6de sus artículos. Desde entonces,
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8Todos los principios generales tie
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10grupos de interés de que las emp
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12obligaciones hacia diversos grupo
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14preguntas III a la VI se determin
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16indicativo de que los participant
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18El cuarto factor está compuesto
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20dimensiones económicas, aunque i
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22desacuerdo sugiriendo que los par
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24Tabla 8 - Correlaciones y Coefici
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26Las características más importa
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28le otorgan más importancia a la
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30Tabla 11 - Diferencias debido al
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32prioritariamente al cumplimiento
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34responsables por su sensibilidad
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O'Neill, H. M., C. B. Saunders and
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AbstractCorporate Social Responsibi
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Most of the literature mentions som
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profits. It has become an open syst
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Regarding private sector, independe
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Mexico where evidence was found of
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BrazilThe Latin American giant occu
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Motivations for CSR in BrazilThe Et
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are maintained in Latin America, wh
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among key stakeholders. Firms in se
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ReferencesAaronson, Susan A. & Reev
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Destrezas de Importancia en el Mane
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Porter (1985) describe a la ventaja
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puede concluir, que el sector de la
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H 3oH 4oNo existen diferencias en l
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4- Estilo de comunicación.5- Estab
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Destrezas técnicasDeterminar los o
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Destrezas organizacionales 3.94Esta
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Comparación de destrezasDestrezaMe
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3, se presenta una comparación ent
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Mediana de destrezasDestreza0-4 añ
Page 700 and 701: Estilo de comunicaciónEstablecimie
Page 702 and 703: Mediana de destrezasSinDestrezaCon
Page 704 and 705: Gerencia estratégicaLiderazgo del
Page 706 and 707: su empresa. Sin embargo, en el caso
Page 708 and 709: Lastrina, C. (2004). Strategic proj
Page 710 and 711: 2AbstractThe objective of this pape
Page 712 and 713: 42008). All three dimensions - envi
Page 714 and 715: 6Sustainability reporting under pri
Page 716 and 717: 8which social responsibility improv
Page 718 and 719: 10Empirical Data Sources and Data S
Page 720 and 721: 12Besides AGP, there are 15 additio
Page 722 and 723: 14total debt to equity (TDE) - or l
Page 724 and 725: 16The evidence generally suggests t
Page 726 and 727: 18McPeak, C & Tooley, N 2008, „Do
Page 728 and 729: 20Table 2Effect of Adherence to Glo
Page 736 and 737: 28Appendix BFigure 1. Residuals for
Page 738 and 739: Information Content of Pension Plan
Page 740 and 741: A severely underfunded pension plan
Page 742 and 743: The studies mentioned above find co
Page 744 and 745: proxies seem to have helped explain
Page 746 and 747: contributions, less benefits paid.
Page 748 and 749: eturns on different factors, includ
Page 752 and 753: the first portfolio have on average
Page 754 and 755: Table 3Descriptive StatisticsLong-T
Page 756 and 757: Table 4Time-Series Regressions Resu
Page 758 and 759: Table 6Time-Series Regressions Resu
Page 760 and 761: Table 8Three Factor ModelLong-Term
Page 762 and 763: most levered firms in portfolio for
Page 764 and 765: Table 11LTDR Portfolios Characteris
Page 766 and 767: The results suggest that investors
Page 768 and 769: Leland , H. E., and Pyle, D. H., (1
Page 770 and 771: AN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PARADOX:THE
Page 772 and 773: INTRODUCTIONThis paper analyzes how
Page 774 and 775: of local agents and explore their r
Page 776 and 777: networks of agents interacting in s
Page 778 and 779: Knowledge ecology, and its related
Page 780 and 781: entities, academic institutions, ve
Page 782 and 783: Data AnalysisWe collected and analy
Page 784 and 785: 2. Social networks in the biotechno
Page 786 and 787: Northeast Ohio region.A top officia
Page 788 and 789: FIGURE 2:Finding 1.3: Networks amon
Page 790 and 791: FIGURE 3:Finding 2: Social Networks
Page 792 and 793: FIGURE 4:Finding 2.1: Financial Sup
Page 794 and 795: Finding 3.2 - Embedded knowledge pr
Page 796 and 797: development strategy of attracting
Page 798 and 799: examples of complex exchanges and c
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FIGURE 7:Revised Conceptual ModelRe
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compromised by the effects of time
Page 804 and 805:
Braunerhjelm, P., & Feldman, M. 200
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Huggins, R. 2008. Regional Competit
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Schumpeter, J. 1939. Business cycle
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ABSTRACTThis paper employs gravity
Page 812 and 813:
LIST OF APPENDICESAppendix 1- Resul
Page 814 and 815:
Other factors influencing the incre
Page 816 and 817:
level of protection afforded by the
Page 818 and 819:
In addition to compliance costs, fi
Page 820 and 821:
4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHThe gravi
Page 822 and 823:
Ln Dist it/jt is the Natural log of
Page 824 and 825:
5. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS5.1 Summary of
Page 826 and 827:
For the US model, the elasticity of
Page 828 and 829:
Fish ConsumptionFish ConsumptionFis
Page 830 and 831:
econometric studies and may be link
Page 832 and 833:
elasticity of demand for F&V is gre
Page 834 and 835:
Bank 2005). However, they face a ga
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April 23, 2007http://muse.jhu.edu/j
Page 838 and 839:
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsie/Annual
Page 840 and 841:
Appendix 2- Results of Estimation F
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2. CODEX General Standard for Food
Page 844 and 845:
Table of ContentsAbstract .........
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IntroductionWe can ask ourselves: W
Page 848 and 849:
Marketing thought has gone through
Page 850 and 851:
companies to re-examine their marke
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Cultural EnvironmentCulture Defined
Page 854 and 855:
Context is the background against w
Page 856 and 857:
Even the though puertorrican art is
Page 858 and 859:
In 2003 The National Arts Marketing
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ConclusionThe marketing orientation
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ReferencesAlexander, R. S. 1962. Ma
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IMPACTO DE FACEBOOK Y OTRAS REDES D
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Impacto de Facebook y otras redes d
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II. ¿Qué son Sitios de Redes de C
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preguntamos, ¿puede un patrono leg
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(Enmienda a la Ley 100)ser victima
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contactos con el estado: otorgamien
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“If a social networking site is u
Page 879 and 880:
abogados de ambos bandos posicionan
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humanos. 29 Estando involucrada una
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empleado en el portal cibernético,
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