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AN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PARADOX:THE IMPACT OF LINKAGES AND SYNERGIES AMONG LOCAL AGENTS INTHE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMERGENT BIOSCIENCE CLUSTER ANDASSOCIATED ENTREPRENEURIAL ECOSYSTEMSABSTRACTAlthough bioscience industrial clusters have been widely researched in the lastdecade, the role of knowledge creation, management, and transfer as driving forces forindustrial cluster competitiveness remains unclear. A better appreciation of knowledgecreation and retention as determinants of industrial cluster success, and the role of foreigndirect investment may be of value to industry decision makers, policy makers, andresearchers worldwide. Our research revealed a paradox regarding the intensity of foreigndirect investment (FDI) by multinational companies (MNCs) and the limited development ofa local entrepreneurial ecosystem in an emergent bioscience cluster. While clusterdevelopment seems a logical outcome of MNC investment, our study demonstrated it is not aforegone conclusion. Our research of Puerto Rico’s bioscience cluster experience sheds lighton a key theoretical and policy issue: to what extent can the development strategy ofattracting FDI from global multinationals be leveraged to transfer knowledge and developindigenous innovation capabilities? The paper draws upon national innovation systemsknowledge management, and social network theory to examine these issues.Keywords: bioscience clusters; competitiveness; entrepreneurial ecosystem; foreign directinvestment; knowledge transfer; innovation systems.2
TABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract ..................................................................................................................................... 2Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4Research Question ..................................................................................................................... 6Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... 7Methods ................................................................................................................................... 11Findings ................................................................................................................................... 15Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 27Contributions ........................................................................................................................... 32Implications for Practice and Future Research ....................................................................... 32Limitations .............................................................................................................................. 33References ............................................................................................................................... 35List of FiguresFigure 1: Finding 1.2: The Wide Spatial Dispersion of MNCs in the EmergentCluster has Limited the Development of Linkages and Innovation withLocal Firms ................................................................................................. 18Figure 2: Finding 1.3: Networks among Puerto Rico Firms and Other LocalCluster Agents are Weak and Ineffective ................................................... 20Figure 3: Finding 2: Social Networks in the Biotechnology Industry in PuertoRico have not Sufficiently Developed to Nourish an EntrepreneurialEcosystem as in the Developed Cluster Area ............................................. 22Figure 4: Finding 2.1: Financial Support to Early Stage Companies is Critical forSpin-off Formation...................................................................................... 24Figure 5: Finding 3.1: Embedded Knowledge has Enhanced KnowledgeRetention and Cluster Performance in the Developed Cluster ................... 25Figure 6: Finding 3.2: Embedded Knowledge Provides Building Blocks forEnhanced Cluster Performance in the Emergent Cluster ............................ 26Figure 7: Revised Conceptual Model ......................................................................... 32List of TablesTable 1: Biotechnology Cluster Sample ..................................................................... 12Table 2: Thematic Codes ............................................................................................ 153
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A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHANGES I
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ABSTRACTThe Financial Accounting St
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Restricted stock grants provide man
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December 15, 2002, i.e. for compani
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Semerdzhian (2004) found that certa
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Sample selection for Empirical test
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y changing the selection method to
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TABLE 2Number of Equity Compensatio
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TABLE 4 (A) Changes to the Equity C
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awarding stock options to employees
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REFERENCESBarron, John M. and Glen
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Análisis Comprensivo de la Inciden
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pagar el impuesto anualmente, sólo
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Ingresos por bebidas alcohólicas 1
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primarias y secundarias de informac
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y una variable continua que denota
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-0.015334 0.154764 -0.099081-0.0049
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considera , continuando con y final
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existen factores con significación
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disminuye en 26.9% si el bien inmue
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REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICASAaron, H
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7TH Quest Conference for Global Com
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Las crisis económicas se presentan
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ancos aportaban al sistema (Marcus
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Objetivos de InvestigaciónEl riesg
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MetodologíaPara llevar a cabo las
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Análisis de DatosLa variable depen
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determinar si el riesgo del banco e
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Tabla 5. Medidas estadísticas de r
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La reducción gradual de la proporc
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ResultadosDespués de aplicar las r
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Modelo 1: MCO, usando las observaci
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y VEVI son variables en donde los c
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ConclusionesLos ratios financieros
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Kane, E.J., 1995. “Three Paradigm
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• ABSTRACTReducing emissions of g
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Obtención por la empresadesde la m
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señala que es necesario revisar y
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La secuencia de una inversión en D
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de información públicaElaboració
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EntidadOperacionalDesignadaAnálisi
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d) La necesidad o no de acudir a un
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Una vez calculadas las unidades de
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c) Agilizan la coordinación y comu
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El estudio de la viabilidad legal d
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y análisis de sensibilidad elabora
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casos, los análisis convencionales
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VII. CONCLUSIONESLos proyectos de d
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Coase, R. H. (1960): The Problem of
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IMPACT OF US HACCP REGULATION ON EX
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TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT .........
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1. INTRODUCTIONThere has been a not
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The potential positive impact remai
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where because of their content and
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Figure 1 Effect of Standards on wil
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Where; F ij is the attractive force
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That is, I is a cumulative comparis
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of food businesses and transportati
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2.3 Microbiological CriteriaUS stan
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magnitude and direction of the impa
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Fish Consumption2001). There may al
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have had a negative impact on expor
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Hufbauer, G, Kotschwar, B, & Wilson
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8. APPENDICESAppendix 1- US and EU
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Muscle meat of swordfish 0.1Crustac
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Benchmarking for International Comp
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IntroductionThere is little doubt t
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and, the strategy, structure and ri
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Source: Cho, D-A & Moon, H-C (2006)
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For competitiveness analysis, the I
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anking were drawn exclusively from
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Land area measured in 000’ hectar
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the GDP, increase the export of loc
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Local supplier quantity- Survey Dat
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counterparts. The quality of manage
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Productivity -Manufacturing: % of G
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HDI- ScoreSource: UNDP Human Develo
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Jamaica, unfortunately have had a l
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productivity. The implication for s
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Factores que Influyen en el Consumi
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IntroducciónEn los últimos veinte
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Aunque el impacto positivo de las i
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En la literatura actual relacionada
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ofrece un vivo ejemplo de arraigo a
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Sin embargo, ni en la clasificació
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Análisis de DatosLos resultados de
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En relación a los patrones de cons
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justa a los artistas. Además, poco
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Así, se refuerza que la edad es un
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precio razonable para un disco comp
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ConclusionesLos objetivos de este a
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Matos, N. 2007. La conducta de comp
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRSOBRE LOS AUTORESFÉ
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRINTRODUCCIONImportan
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl 72.3% de la pobla
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl puerto más impor
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRTabla 3. Principales
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRplantas generadores
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa continua desvalor
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ESTUDIO CUBA PROPORTUNIDADES SECTOR
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. Banco Financiero
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR2. Banca hipotecaria
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLas aplicaciones de
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRtres pisos necesitan
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRIndustria de Aliment
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRcongeladaCamarón en
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRDextrana ND 450,000
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa industria se cara
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa industria de conf
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRcubanos dominan otro
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. Colaboración en
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRreportando 2.3 millo
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR3. Posee 4,347 milla
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRprohibido para ellos
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRTabla 13. Región Or
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl Oriente cubano pu
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. En concreto y bas
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRMinisterio de la Ind
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2PERFIL DEL EGRESADO DE LOS PROGRAM
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4competencias que fundamenten los c
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6Este proyecto, meritorio en muchas
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8profesional sino, más generalment
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10METODOLOGIAInstrumentoEste estudi
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12Factor PrincipalPoco más de la t
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14Este factor resalta la orientaci
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16Las premisas secundarias reflejan
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18problemas concretos y en menor me
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20del total de premisas presentadas
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22Pareceria que de alguna manera vi
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24Conocimiento Concreto, Integridad
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26DISCUSION DE RESULTADOSLos result
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28mención aparte. Las premisas rel
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30de lo que otros estudios habían
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Porter, L. W. & McKibbin, L. E., (1
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AbstractIn any enterprise, it is de
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efore his people could do their bes
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George called Frank into his office
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well liked and respected throughout
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George was devastated, as anyone wo
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since the time she herself had firs
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they would be ready to accept the n
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The others, unfortunately, were not
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adjusting the machine, which skewed
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The workers were handpicked and hig
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To make this run chart into a contr
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In this case, there is a data point
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It should be obvious by now that se
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In real life systems, do we sometim
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The governance of our businesses, s
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Competitive priorities of high and
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Deshmukh, 2001, pp. 884) that manuf
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within the production process helps
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Figure 2: Descriptive statistics of
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Table 2: Division of the sample acc
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Figure 4: Rise and fall in producti
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same is true for middle performers
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Figure 9: The difference in usage o
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performance measures, then one shou
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Flynn, B.B., Flynn, E.J. (2004),
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El Efecto del País de Origen en la
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IntroducciónEl desarrollo de estra
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estructuras que son desarrollados p
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H1: El efecto del país de origen e
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un vinculo patriótico hacia una na
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no patrióticos, los productos extr
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actitudes hacia la guerra. Mientras
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por Internet. La muestra final fue
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los menos etnocentristas, patriotas
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para Puerto Rico (.573), España (.
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(2003) quienes señalan que el impa
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de Mooij, M. (2004) Consumer Behavi
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Marin, C.E. & Miquel, S. (1997). Ev
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Tabla 1Promedio en los niveles de E
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Tabla 4Análisis de Correlación de
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Education as strategy for global co
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IntroductionStudies conducted over
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entrepreneurship as any attempt to
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expectation entrepreneurial activit
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ased on their personal experiences
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collection, a decision was made to
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those relevant concepts and to be m
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Table 1: Examples of Opportunities
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and entrepreneurial issues as a key
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the entrepreneurial functions tend
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ReferencesAcs, Z. B. (2009). The Kn
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Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Cons
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UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICORECINTO D
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1. INTRODUCCIÓNLa estandarización
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imponen a las dos partes obligacion
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Para ilustrar las razones de sus du
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A la vista de esta situación y tra
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egistros que genera son comparables
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Por ejemplo, los aseguradores de ri
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La evaluación del impacto ambienta
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A la vista de los datos anteriores,
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Por otra parte del total de proyect
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características de la flora y la f
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Así por ejemplo, según se refleja
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proyectos suponen una disminución
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Direción General de Protección Ci
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Unión Europea 2000 a, Data for sho
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La Competitividad Internacional de
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vertiginosamente. De ahí la pertin
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más económicos va a ser convenien
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Del 1987 al 2002 los datos de expor
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Fuente: Porter, Michael E. (1990) L
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1987 - 2005Fuente: Cómputos de la
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productividad, lo cual requeriría
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Tabla 2: Industrias Competitivas en
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VIII.AnálisisPuerto Rico ha tenido
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En el 1987 existían diversos incen
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Puerto Rico, además, cuenta con ec
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En sectores industriales relacionad
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de esta industria ha sido su perita
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Un socio importante de las industri
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IX.ConclusionesPuerto Rico cada dí
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Consejo de Educación Superior. (ma
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Vega-Rosado, L. L. (2005). “La Co
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Are Domestic and International Food
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usiness f ormat f ranch is in g 3 ,
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T he l iterature review i n cluded
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H 2B: O lder f ranch iso r s ’ (
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f inancial perf ormance repre senta
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d is cussin g choice of Law/Venue.
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poorly in any of our 14 points pre
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s cheme had a total of 1 4 quest io
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V a r i a b l eO p t i o n sN a t i
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O ve ra ll, we a re of the opin ion
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H y p o t h e s i s C h i - S q u a
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ConclusionsA cco rd in g to the r e
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F edera l T ra de C ommission. 2009
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Cultural Impact on Management Style
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IntroductionCaribbean governments a
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other Caribbean authors, commentato
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while at the same time, enabling th
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invited to reject the EPAs and cont
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CEO of Barbados Private Sector Trad
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Fourth, after obtaining the respons
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process. In that connection, CARICO
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of CARICOM, except Guyana, opted to
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[7] Caribbean Regional Negotiating
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IntroducciónLos negocios internaci
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categorías específicas de ropa y
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miles de millones, sobrepasando las
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Comportamiento de las Exportaciones
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En esta misma tabla se puede notar
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Los países de Centroamérica: Hond
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mexicana de capitalizar éxitos e i
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Las cantidades de países más impo
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Los subcapítulos del cuadro anteri
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Por estas cifras y su alta particip
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de entre los 20 países exportadore
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Blázquez-Lidoy, Jorge, Javier Rodr
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United States International Trade C
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Tabla # 4:RELACIÓN DEL 70% DE SUB
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Keywords: stimulus, incentives, tra
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This study presents the first known
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education groups and is deeper for
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Many factors have contributed to th
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Organizational ecology theory deals
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showed no effect overall. Overall,
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difficulties arose while gathering
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Related to the prerequisite of taki
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attempt is done to measure in real
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ConclusionSection 5. Conclusion and
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Workforce Investment Act (WIA), als
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Birch, D. (1981) “Who Creates Job
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Sharma Ravi Teja, (2010), Happy New
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i) Own _____________ii) Provided un
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EL NEGOCIO DE INTERCAMBIO (BARTER)E
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Quest conference, UPR 3N uestra, a
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Quest conference, UPR 5pája ro s r
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Quest conference, UPR 7D esd e u n
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Quest conference, UPR 9de un m i ll
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Quest conference, UPR 11T abla 2: p
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Quest conference, UPR 13C on la com
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Quest conference, UPR 15ve z sea m
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Quest conference, UPR 17R e fere nc
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La Espiritualidad En El Lugar De Tr
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(Mitroff, 2003). Las personas no s
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individual será orientado hacia un
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las razones adecuadas, aunque esto
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piensa cooperativamente y/o altruis
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información sobre el tipo de organ
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ResultadosA continuación se presen
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Tabla 3 Definición de Espiritualid
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La religión es una expresión de l
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espeto, confidencialidad, compañer
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comunión espiritual con Dios, Papa
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mañanas oramos juntos. Una media h
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Cuando se les preguntó si conocía
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Las opiniones en cuanto a la tolera
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De acuerdo a Mitroff y Denton (1999
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BibliografíaAnonymous. 2001. “HR
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Ortiz González, L. Mayo 2002. “L
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2EL RAZONAMIENTO BIOETICO Y LA ORIE
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4acumulada al momento es contradict
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6de sus artículos. Desde entonces,
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8Todos los principios generales tie
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10grupos de interés de que las emp
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12obligaciones hacia diversos grupo
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14preguntas III a la VI se determin
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16indicativo de que los participant
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18El cuarto factor está compuesto
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20dimensiones económicas, aunque i
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22desacuerdo sugiriendo que los par
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24Tabla 8 - Correlaciones y Coefici
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26Las características más importa
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28le otorgan más importancia a la
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30Tabla 11 - Diferencias debido al
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32prioritariamente al cumplimiento
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34responsables por su sensibilidad
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O'Neill, H. M., C. B. Saunders and
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AbstractCorporate Social Responsibi
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Most of the literature mentions som
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profits. It has become an open syst
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Regarding private sector, independe
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Mexico where evidence was found of
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BrazilThe Latin American giant occu
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Motivations for CSR in BrazilThe Et
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are maintained in Latin America, wh
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among key stakeholders. Firms in se
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ReferencesAaronson, Susan A. & Reev
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Destrezas de Importancia en el Mane
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Porter (1985) describe a la ventaja
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puede concluir, que el sector de la
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H 3oH 4oNo existen diferencias en l
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4- Estilo de comunicación.5- Estab
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Destrezas técnicasDeterminar los o
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Destrezas organizacionales 3.94Esta
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Comparación de destrezasDestrezaMe
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3, se presenta una comparación ent
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Mediana de destrezasDestreza0-4 añ
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Estilo de comunicaciónEstablecimie
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Mediana de destrezasSinDestrezaCon
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Gerencia estratégicaLiderazgo del
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su empresa. Sin embargo, en el caso
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Lastrina, C. (2004). Strategic proj
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2AbstractThe objective of this pape
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42008). All three dimensions - envi
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6Sustainability reporting under pri
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8which social responsibility improv
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10Empirical Data Sources and Data S
Page 720 and 721: 12Besides AGP, there are 15 additio
Page 722 and 723: 14total debt to equity (TDE) - or l
Page 724 and 725: 16The evidence generally suggests t
Page 726 and 727: 18McPeak, C & Tooley, N 2008, „Do
Page 728 and 729: 20Table 2Effect of Adherence to Glo
Page 736 and 737: 28Appendix BFigure 1. Residuals for
Page 738 and 739: Information Content of Pension Plan
Page 740 and 741: A severely underfunded pension plan
Page 742 and 743: The studies mentioned above find co
Page 744 and 745: proxies seem to have helped explain
Page 746 and 747: contributions, less benefits paid.
Page 748 and 749: eturns on different factors, includ
Page 750 and 751: 19801982198419861988199019921994199
Page 752 and 753: the first portfolio have on average
Page 754 and 755: Table 3Descriptive StatisticsLong-T
Page 756 and 757: Table 4Time-Series Regressions Resu
Page 758 and 759: Table 6Time-Series Regressions Resu
Page 760 and 761: Table 8Three Factor ModelLong-Term
Page 762 and 763: most levered firms in portfolio for
Page 764 and 765: Table 11LTDR Portfolios Characteris
Page 766 and 767: The results suggest that investors
Page 768 and 769: Leland , H. E., and Pyle, D. H., (1
Page 772 and 773: INTRODUCTIONThis paper analyzes how
Page 774 and 775: of local agents and explore their r
Page 776 and 777: networks of agents interacting in s
Page 778 and 779: Knowledge ecology, and its related
Page 780 and 781: entities, academic institutions, ve
Page 782 and 783: Data AnalysisWe collected and analy
Page 784 and 785: 2. Social networks in the biotechno
Page 786 and 787: Northeast Ohio region.A top officia
Page 788 and 789: FIGURE 2:Finding 1.3: Networks amon
Page 790 and 791: FIGURE 3:Finding 2: Social Networks
Page 792 and 793: FIGURE 4:Finding 2.1: Financial Sup
Page 794 and 795: Finding 3.2 - Embedded knowledge pr
Page 796 and 797: development strategy of attracting
Page 798 and 799: examples of complex exchanges and c
Page 800 and 801: FIGURE 7:Revised Conceptual ModelRe
Page 802 and 803: compromised by the effects of time
Page 804 and 805: Braunerhjelm, P., & Feldman, M. 200
Page 806 and 807: Huggins, R. 2008. Regional Competit
Page 808 and 809: Schumpeter, J. 1939. Business cycle
Page 810 and 811: ABSTRACTThis paper employs gravity
Page 812 and 813: LIST OF APPENDICESAppendix 1- Resul
Page 814 and 815: Other factors influencing the incre
Page 816 and 817: level of protection afforded by the
Page 818 and 819: In addition to compliance costs, fi
Page 820 and 821:
4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHThe gravi
Page 822 and 823:
Ln Dist it/jt is the Natural log of
Page 824 and 825:
5. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS5.1 Summary of
Page 826 and 827:
For the US model, the elasticity of
Page 828 and 829:
Fish ConsumptionFish ConsumptionFis
Page 830 and 831:
econometric studies and may be link
Page 832 and 833:
elasticity of demand for F&V is gre
Page 834 and 835:
Bank 2005). However, they face a ga
Page 836 and 837:
April 23, 2007http://muse.jhu.edu/j
Page 838 and 839:
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsie/Annual
Page 840 and 841:
Appendix 2- Results of Estimation F
Page 842 and 843:
2. CODEX General Standard for Food
Page 844 and 845:
Table of ContentsAbstract .........
Page 846 and 847:
IntroductionWe can ask ourselves: W
Page 848 and 849:
Marketing thought has gone through
Page 850 and 851:
companies to re-examine their marke
Page 852 and 853:
Cultural EnvironmentCulture Defined
Page 854 and 855:
Context is the background against w
Page 856 and 857:
Even the though puertorrican art is
Page 858 and 859:
In 2003 The National Arts Marketing
Page 860 and 861:
ConclusionThe marketing orientation
Page 862 and 863:
ReferencesAlexander, R. S. 1962. Ma
Page 865 and 866:
IMPACTO DE FACEBOOK Y OTRAS REDES D
Page 867 and 868:
Impacto de Facebook y otras redes d
Page 869 and 870:
II. ¿Qué son Sitios de Redes de C
Page 871 and 872:
preguntamos, ¿puede un patrono leg
Page 873 and 874:
(Enmienda a la Ley 100)ser victima
Page 875 and 876:
contactos con el estado: otorgamien
Page 877 and 878:
“If a social networking site is u
Page 879 and 880:
abogados de ambos bandos posicionan
Page 881 and 882:
humanos. 29 Estando involucrada una
Page 883 and 884:
empleado en el portal cibernético,
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