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4. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHThe gravity model was used to estimate the magnitude of the current impact of SPSMson exports of non-traditional exports from Guyana to the US, CARICOM and EU over a39 year period, 1970-2008.The gravity model is based on Isaac Newton‟s “law of Universal Gravitation” (Newton‟sApple 1867):F ij = G*M i M j / D 2 ij.Where; F ij is the attractive force; M i and M j are the masses; D ij is the distance betweenthe two objects and G is a gravitational constant (Kuratani 2004; Head 2003). Accordingto this physics principle “the force between any two bodies is directly proportional to theproduct of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distancebetween them” (Kuratani 2004).In its application to international trade, 3 pioneered by Tinbergen (1962), Polyhonnen(1963), Pullianinen (1963) and Linneman (1966), the parameter F is defined as the flowof goods between two countries; M i and M j as the economic size of the countries,measured by GDP 4 and D ij as the distance between them (Head 2003). The modeltherefore describes trade between two countries as being positively related to their sizeand inversely related to their distance.The gravity model used in this paper is a single-country fixed-effects model that followsa log-linear 5 econometric time-series specification in order to be able to interpret the3 Several theorists were able to successfully formally derive the gravity model from different theories ofinternational trade such as, monopolistic competition (Dixit & Stiglitz‟s 1977); increasing returns to scale inproduction (Helpman & Krugman 1985) and more recently the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem (Evenett & Keller1985; Deardorff 1995). Deardorff (1995) proved the validity of the gravity equation in trade by linking it toa perfect specialization Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) model; assuming both frictionless and impeded trade inhomogenous products. In each case, the analysis was based on the most common assumptions ofmodels of international trade, that of homothetic and identical preferences across countries.4 Population was later added by Linneman as a supplementary measure of country size (Aguillar 2007).5 The log-linear transformation of the variables allows reduces the absolute error in the residual variable,that is it makes the residuals more uniform by normalizing the data over time.8
estimated coefficient as the elasticity of the variables and to avoid omitted variable biasas well as to capture the temporal dynamics of trade. It has the following specification:Ln X it/ji = β 0 + β 1 ln PGDP it + β 2 ln PGDP jt - β 3 ln Dist it/jt + β 4 ln STRJ it/jt + β 5 INTCBI/LOME/CARICOM + U ijtWhere;Ln X it/ji is the natural log of real exports of FFP and FV from Guyana to the each of itstrading partners valued at US $‟000 at 2004 prices. Export data were obtained from theUnited Nations Commodity Trade Statistics (COMTRADE) database and the Bureau ofStatistics, Guyana. The data was used at the 2 digit level of dis-aggregation based onrevision 1 of the standard industrial trade classification system (S.I.T.C). Time seriesaverages were used to fill missing gaps in the data set for the years 1993 and 1995.Ln PGDP it and Ln PGDP jt are, respectively, the natural log of Guyana‟s real Per CapitaGDP and the Per Capita GDP of its trading partners, measured in US$‟000 at 2004prices. Data were obtained from the National Accounts Main Agrregate Database,United Nations Statistics Division 6 .The Per Capita GDP variables were used to measure the effect of income on traderelations between Guyana and the USA. Income measures the economic size ofcountries and respectively reflects purchasing and output capacity of the importing andexporting country. For the importing country, a larger per capita GDP translates into alarger purchasing capacity, and hence a greater demand for imported goods (Kalbasi2001). Per capita GDP is also an indication of the level of development of a country.Based on the specialization hypothesis proffered by the H-O theorem and theories ofeconomies of scale and product differentiation, economically larger countries areexpected to produce a variety of goods and trade more (Evenett & Keller 1998;Deardorff 1995).The ceteris paribus effect of the per capita GDP is therefore assumed to be positive.6 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/selectionbasicFast.asp9
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A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF CHANGES I
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ABSTRACTThe Financial Accounting St
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Restricted stock grants provide man
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December 15, 2002, i.e. for compani
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Semerdzhian (2004) found that certa
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Sample selection for Empirical test
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y changing the selection method to
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TABLE 2Number of Equity Compensatio
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TABLE 4 (A) Changes to the Equity C
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awarding stock options to employees
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REFERENCESBarron, John M. and Glen
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Análisis Comprensivo de la Inciden
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pagar el impuesto anualmente, sólo
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Ingresos por bebidas alcohólicas 1
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primarias y secundarias de informac
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y una variable continua que denota
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-0.015334 0.154764 -0.099081-0.0049
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considera , continuando con y final
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existen factores con significación
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disminuye en 26.9% si el bien inmue
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REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICASAaron, H
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7TH Quest Conference for Global Com
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Las crisis económicas se presentan
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ancos aportaban al sistema (Marcus
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Objetivos de InvestigaciónEl riesg
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MetodologíaPara llevar a cabo las
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Análisis de DatosLa variable depen
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determinar si el riesgo del banco e
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Tabla 5. Medidas estadísticas de r
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La reducción gradual de la proporc
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ResultadosDespués de aplicar las r
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Modelo 1: MCO, usando las observaci
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y VEVI son variables en donde los c
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ConclusionesLos ratios financieros
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Kane, E.J., 1995. “Three Paradigm
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• ABSTRACTReducing emissions of g
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Obtención por la empresadesde la m
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señala que es necesario revisar y
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La secuencia de una inversión en D
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de información públicaElaboració
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EntidadOperacionalDesignadaAnálisi
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d) La necesidad o no de acudir a un
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Una vez calculadas las unidades de
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c) Agilizan la coordinación y comu
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El estudio de la viabilidad legal d
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y análisis de sensibilidad elabora
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casos, los análisis convencionales
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VII. CONCLUSIONESLos proyectos de d
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Coase, R. H. (1960): The Problem of
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IMPACT OF US HACCP REGULATION ON EX
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TABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT .........
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1. INTRODUCTIONThere has been a not
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The potential positive impact remai
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where because of their content and
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Figure 1 Effect of Standards on wil
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Where; F ij is the attractive force
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That is, I is a cumulative comparis
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of food businesses and transportati
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2.3 Microbiological CriteriaUS stan
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magnitude and direction of the impa
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Fish Consumption2001). There may al
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have had a negative impact on expor
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Hufbauer, G, Kotschwar, B, & Wilson
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8. APPENDICESAppendix 1- US and EU
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Muscle meat of swordfish 0.1Crustac
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Benchmarking for International Comp
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IntroductionThere is little doubt t
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and, the strategy, structure and ri
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Source: Cho, D-A & Moon, H-C (2006)
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For competitiveness analysis, the I
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anking were drawn exclusively from
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Land area measured in 000’ hectar
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the GDP, increase the export of loc
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Local supplier quantity- Survey Dat
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counterparts. The quality of manage
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Productivity -Manufacturing: % of G
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HDI- ScoreSource: UNDP Human Develo
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Jamaica, unfortunately have had a l
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productivity. The implication for s
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Factores que Influyen en el Consumi
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IntroducciónEn los últimos veinte
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Aunque el impacto positivo de las i
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En la literatura actual relacionada
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ofrece un vivo ejemplo de arraigo a
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Sin embargo, ni en la clasificació
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Análisis de DatosLos resultados de
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En relación a los patrones de cons
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justa a los artistas. Además, poco
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Así, se refuerza que la edad es un
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precio razonable para un disco comp
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ConclusionesLos objetivos de este a
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Matos, N. 2007. La conducta de comp
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRSOBRE LOS AUTORESFÉ
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRINTRODUCCIONImportan
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl 72.3% de la pobla
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl puerto más impor
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRTabla 3. Principales
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRplantas generadores
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa continua desvalor
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ESTUDIO CUBA PROPORTUNIDADES SECTOR
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. Banco Financiero
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR2. Banca hipotecaria
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLas aplicaciones de
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRtres pisos necesitan
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRIndustria de Aliment
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRcongeladaCamarón en
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRDextrana ND 450,000
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa industria se cara
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRLa industria de conf
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRcubanos dominan otro
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. Colaboración en
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRreportando 2.3 millo
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR3. Posee 4,347 milla
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRprohibido para ellos
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRTabla 13. Región Or
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ESTUDIO CUBA PREl Oriente cubano pu
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ESTUDIO CUBA PR5. En concreto y bas
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ESTUDIO CUBA PRMinisterio de la Ind
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2PERFIL DEL EGRESADO DE LOS PROGRAM
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4competencias que fundamenten los c
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6Este proyecto, meritorio en muchas
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8profesional sino, más generalment
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10METODOLOGIAInstrumentoEste estudi
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12Factor PrincipalPoco más de la t
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14Este factor resalta la orientaci
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16Las premisas secundarias reflejan
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18problemas concretos y en menor me
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20del total de premisas presentadas
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22Pareceria que de alguna manera vi
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24Conocimiento Concreto, Integridad
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26DISCUSION DE RESULTADOSLos result
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28mención aparte. Las premisas rel
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30de lo que otros estudios habían
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Porter, L. W. & McKibbin, L. E., (1
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AbstractIn any enterprise, it is de
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efore his people could do their bes
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George called Frank into his office
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well liked and respected throughout
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George was devastated, as anyone wo
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since the time she herself had firs
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they would be ready to accept the n
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The others, unfortunately, were not
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adjusting the machine, which skewed
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The workers were handpicked and hig
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To make this run chart into a contr
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In this case, there is a data point
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It should be obvious by now that se
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In real life systems, do we sometim
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The governance of our businesses, s
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Competitive priorities of high and
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Deshmukh, 2001, pp. 884) that manuf
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within the production process helps
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Figure 2: Descriptive statistics of
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Table 2: Division of the sample acc
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Figure 4: Rise and fall in producti
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same is true for middle performers
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Figure 9: The difference in usage o
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performance measures, then one shou
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Flynn, B.B., Flynn, E.J. (2004),
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El Efecto del País de Origen en la
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IntroducciónEl desarrollo de estra
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estructuras que son desarrollados p
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H1: El efecto del país de origen e
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un vinculo patriótico hacia una na
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no patrióticos, los productos extr
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actitudes hacia la guerra. Mientras
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por Internet. La muestra final fue
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los menos etnocentristas, patriotas
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para Puerto Rico (.573), España (.
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(2003) quienes señalan que el impa
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de Mooij, M. (2004) Consumer Behavi
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Marin, C.E. & Miquel, S. (1997). Ev
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Tabla 1Promedio en los niveles de E
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Tabla 4Análisis de Correlación de
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Education as strategy for global co
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IntroductionStudies conducted over
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entrepreneurship as any attempt to
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expectation entrepreneurial activit
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ased on their personal experiences
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collection, a decision was made to
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those relevant concepts and to be m
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Table 1: Examples of Opportunities
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and entrepreneurial issues as a key
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the entrepreneurial functions tend
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ReferencesAcs, Z. B. (2009). The Kn
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Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's Cons
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UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICORECINTO D
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1. INTRODUCCIÓNLa estandarización
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imponen a las dos partes obligacion
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Para ilustrar las razones de sus du
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A la vista de esta situación y tra
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egistros que genera son comparables
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Por ejemplo, los aseguradores de ri
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La evaluación del impacto ambienta
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A la vista de los datos anteriores,
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Por otra parte del total de proyect
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características de la flora y la f
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Así por ejemplo, según se refleja
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proyectos suponen una disminución
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Direción General de Protección Ci
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Unión Europea 2000 a, Data for sho
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La Competitividad Internacional de
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vertiginosamente. De ahí la pertin
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más económicos va a ser convenien
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Del 1987 al 2002 los datos de expor
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Fuente: Porter, Michael E. (1990) L
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1987 - 2005Fuente: Cómputos de la
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productividad, lo cual requeriría
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Tabla 2: Industrias Competitivas en
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VIII.AnálisisPuerto Rico ha tenido
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En el 1987 existían diversos incen
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Puerto Rico, además, cuenta con ec
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En sectores industriales relacionad
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de esta industria ha sido su perita
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Un socio importante de las industri
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IX.ConclusionesPuerto Rico cada dí
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Consejo de Educación Superior. (ma
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Vega-Rosado, L. L. (2005). “La Co
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Are Domestic and International Food
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usiness f ormat f ranch is in g 3 ,
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T he l iterature review i n cluded
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H 2B: O lder f ranch iso r s ’ (
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f inancial perf ormance repre senta
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d is cussin g choice of Law/Venue.
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poorly in any of our 14 points pre
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s cheme had a total of 1 4 quest io
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V a r i a b l eO p t i o n sN a t i
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O ve ra ll, we a re of the opin ion
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H y p o t h e s i s C h i - S q u a
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ConclusionsA cco rd in g to the r e
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F edera l T ra de C ommission. 2009
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Cultural Impact on Management Style
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IntroductionCaribbean governments a
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other Caribbean authors, commentato
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while at the same time, enabling th
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invited to reject the EPAs and cont
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CEO of Barbados Private Sector Trad
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Fourth, after obtaining the respons
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process. In that connection, CARICO
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of CARICOM, except Guyana, opted to
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[7] Caribbean Regional Negotiating
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IntroducciónLos negocios internaci
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categorías específicas de ropa y
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miles de millones, sobrepasando las
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Comportamiento de las Exportaciones
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En esta misma tabla se puede notar
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Los países de Centroamérica: Hond
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mexicana de capitalizar éxitos e i
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Las cantidades de países más impo
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Los subcapítulos del cuadro anteri
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Por estas cifras y su alta particip
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de entre los 20 países exportadore
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Blázquez-Lidoy, Jorge, Javier Rodr
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United States International Trade C
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Tabla # 4:RELACIÓN DEL 70% DE SUB
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Keywords: stimulus, incentives, tra
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This study presents the first known
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education groups and is deeper for
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Many factors have contributed to th
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Organizational ecology theory deals
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showed no effect overall. Overall,
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difficulties arose while gathering
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Related to the prerequisite of taki
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attempt is done to measure in real
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ConclusionSection 5. Conclusion and
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Workforce Investment Act (WIA), als
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Birch, D. (1981) “Who Creates Job
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Sharma Ravi Teja, (2010), Happy New
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i) Own _____________ii) Provided un
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EL NEGOCIO DE INTERCAMBIO (BARTER)E
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Quest conference, UPR 3N uestra, a
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Quest conference, UPR 5pája ro s r
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Quest conference, UPR 7D esd e u n
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Quest conference, UPR 9de un m i ll
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Quest conference, UPR 11T abla 2: p
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Quest conference, UPR 13C on la com
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Quest conference, UPR 15ve z sea m
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Quest conference, UPR 17R e fere nc
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La Espiritualidad En El Lugar De Tr
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(Mitroff, 2003). Las personas no s
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individual será orientado hacia un
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las razones adecuadas, aunque esto
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piensa cooperativamente y/o altruis
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información sobre el tipo de organ
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ResultadosA continuación se presen
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Tabla 3 Definición de Espiritualid
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La religión es una expresión de l
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espeto, confidencialidad, compañer
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comunión espiritual con Dios, Papa
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mañanas oramos juntos. Una media h
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Cuando se les preguntó si conocía
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Las opiniones en cuanto a la tolera
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De acuerdo a Mitroff y Denton (1999
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BibliografíaAnonymous. 2001. “HR
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Ortiz González, L. Mayo 2002. “L
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2EL RAZONAMIENTO BIOETICO Y LA ORIE
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4acumulada al momento es contradict
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6de sus artículos. Desde entonces,
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8Todos los principios generales tie
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10grupos de interés de que las emp
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12obligaciones hacia diversos grupo
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14preguntas III a la VI se determin
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16indicativo de que los participant
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18El cuarto factor está compuesto
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20dimensiones económicas, aunque i
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22desacuerdo sugiriendo que los par
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24Tabla 8 - Correlaciones y Coefici
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26Las características más importa
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28le otorgan más importancia a la
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30Tabla 11 - Diferencias debido al
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32prioritariamente al cumplimiento
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34responsables por su sensibilidad
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O'Neill, H. M., C. B. Saunders and
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AbstractCorporate Social Responsibi
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Most of the literature mentions som
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profits. It has become an open syst
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Regarding private sector, independe
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Mexico where evidence was found of
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BrazilThe Latin American giant occu
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Motivations for CSR in BrazilThe Et
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are maintained in Latin America, wh
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among key stakeholders. Firms in se
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ReferencesAaronson, Susan A. & Reev
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Destrezas de Importancia en el Mane
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Porter (1985) describe a la ventaja
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puede concluir, que el sector de la
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H 3oH 4oNo existen diferencias en l
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4- Estilo de comunicación.5- Estab
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Destrezas técnicasDeterminar los o
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Destrezas organizacionales 3.94Esta
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Comparación de destrezasDestrezaMe
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3, se presenta una comparación ent
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Mediana de destrezasDestreza0-4 añ
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Estilo de comunicaciónEstablecimie
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Mediana de destrezasSinDestrezaCon
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Gerencia estratégicaLiderazgo del
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su empresa. Sin embargo, en el caso
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Lastrina, C. (2004). Strategic proj
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2AbstractThe objective of this pape
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42008). All three dimensions - envi
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6Sustainability reporting under pri
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8which social responsibility improv
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10Empirical Data Sources and Data S
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12Besides AGP, there are 15 additio
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14total debt to equity (TDE) - or l
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16The evidence generally suggests t
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18McPeak, C & Tooley, N 2008, „Do
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20Table 2Effect of Adherence to Glo
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28Appendix BFigure 1. Residuals for
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Information Content of Pension Plan
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A severely underfunded pension plan
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The studies mentioned above find co
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proxies seem to have helped explain
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contributions, less benefits paid.
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eturns on different factors, includ
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19801982198419861988199019921994199
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the first portfolio have on average
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Table 3Descriptive StatisticsLong-T
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Table 4Time-Series Regressions Resu
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Table 6Time-Series Regressions Resu
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Table 8Three Factor ModelLong-Term
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most levered firms in portfolio for
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Table 11LTDR Portfolios Characteris
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The results suggest that investors
Page 768 and 769:
Leland , H. E., and Pyle, D. H., (1
Page 770 and 771: AN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PARADOX:THE
Page 772 and 773: INTRODUCTIONThis paper analyzes how
Page 774 and 775: of local agents and explore their r
Page 776 and 777: networks of agents interacting in s
Page 778 and 779: Knowledge ecology, and its related
Page 780 and 781: entities, academic institutions, ve
Page 782 and 783: Data AnalysisWe collected and analy
Page 784 and 785: 2. Social networks in the biotechno
Page 786 and 787: Northeast Ohio region.A top officia
Page 788 and 789: FIGURE 2:Finding 1.3: Networks amon
Page 790 and 791: FIGURE 3:Finding 2: Social Networks
Page 792 and 793: FIGURE 4:Finding 2.1: Financial Sup
Page 794 and 795: Finding 3.2 - Embedded knowledge pr
Page 796 and 797: development strategy of attracting
Page 798 and 799: examples of complex exchanges and c
Page 800 and 801: FIGURE 7:Revised Conceptual ModelRe
Page 802 and 803: compromised by the effects of time
Page 804 and 805: Braunerhjelm, P., & Feldman, M. 200
Page 806 and 807: Huggins, R. 2008. Regional Competit
Page 808 and 809: Schumpeter, J. 1939. Business cycle
Page 810 and 811: ABSTRACTThis paper employs gravity
Page 812 and 813: LIST OF APPENDICESAppendix 1- Resul
Page 814 and 815: Other factors influencing the incre
Page 816 and 817: level of protection afforded by the
Page 818 and 819: In addition to compliance costs, fi
Page 822 and 823: Ln Dist it/jt is the Natural log of
Page 824 and 825: 5. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS5.1 Summary of
Page 826 and 827: For the US model, the elasticity of
Page 828 and 829: Fish ConsumptionFish ConsumptionFis
Page 830 and 831: econometric studies and may be link
Page 832 and 833: elasticity of demand for F&V is gre
Page 834 and 835: Bank 2005). However, they face a ga
Page 836 and 837: April 23, 2007http://muse.jhu.edu/j
Page 838 and 839: http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/jsie/Annual
Page 840 and 841: Appendix 2- Results of Estimation F
Page 842 and 843: 2. CODEX General Standard for Food
Page 844 and 845: Table of ContentsAbstract .........
Page 846 and 847: IntroductionWe can ask ourselves: W
Page 848 and 849: Marketing thought has gone through
Page 850 and 851: companies to re-examine their marke
Page 852 and 853: Cultural EnvironmentCulture Defined
Page 854 and 855: Context is the background against w
Page 856 and 857: Even the though puertorrican art is
Page 858 and 859: In 2003 The National Arts Marketing
Page 860 and 861: ConclusionThe marketing orientation
Page 862 and 863: ReferencesAlexander, R. S. 1962. Ma
Page 865 and 866: IMPACTO DE FACEBOOK Y OTRAS REDES D
Page 867 and 868: Impacto de Facebook y otras redes d
Page 869 and 870: II. ¿Qué son Sitios de Redes de C
Page 871 and 872:
preguntamos, ¿puede un patrono leg
Page 873 and 874:
(Enmienda a la Ley 100)ser victima
Page 875 and 876:
contactos con el estado: otorgamien
Page 877 and 878:
“If a social networking site is u
Page 879 and 880:
abogados de ambos bandos posicionan
Page 881 and 882:
humanos. 29 Estando involucrada una
Page 883 and 884:
empleado en el portal cibernético,
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