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78 CAPÍTULO 7. £¡ §© ¢¦£ ¤ ¢¥ § ¡
((x1, x2) ⊕ (y1, y2)) ⊕ (z1, z2) = (x1 + y1, 0) ⊕ (z1, z2)
= ((x1 + y1) + z1, 0)
¡ § ⊕ +
IR
(x1, x2) ∈ IR 2
(x1, x2) ⊕ (e1, e2) = (x1, x2)
⊕ ©
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(x1 + e1, 0) = (x1, x2) ⇐⇒
(e1, e2) ∈ IR 2
x1 + e1 = x1
x2 = 0
⇐⇒
e1 = 0
x2 = 0
¡ ¢ ¤ ⊕
£¢ x2 ¢
¢ ¡
¤ ¢ ¢ ⊙
¡ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¡
α ⊙
£¢
IR 2 , ⊕, ⊙
(x1, x2) ⊕ (y1, y2) = α ⊙ (x1 + y1, 0) = (0, α (x1 + y1))
α ⊙ (x1, x2) ⊕ α ⊙ (y1, y2) = (0, αx1) ⊕ (0, αy1) = (0, 0)
α ⊙
(x1, x2) ⊕ (y1, y2) = α ⊙ (x1, x2) ⊕ α ⊙ (y1, y2)
α ⊙ (β ⊙ (x1, x2)) = α ⊙ (0, βx1) = (0, 0)
(αβ) ⊙ (x1, x2) = (0, αβx1)
α ⊙ (β ⊙ (x1, x2)) = (αβ) ⊙ (x1, x2)