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108 Structure and the Book ofZechariah
b. A choice from several possibilities—the more unlikely the
choice, the more likely it is that the author wants to make a
deliberate connection with the first occurrence.
c. An important part of a new section.
2. This number of repeated words gives scope for a huge number of
possible arrangements. We are forced, therefore, to take the following
actions:
a. Accept the phrases which must be related to each other
(whether as part of a chiasmus, or as a common refrain, or
as something as yet undefined), for example, nk, pd.
b. Discard the least likely candidates (a, and probably c, e and j).
c. Account for the most likely candidates, viz. d, f, g, h, 1, m, q.
(This leaves b, b' as a doubtful case. We considered that it
might be significant in vv. 13 and 14. There, however, it was
used identically in the phrase *3jn 'D; in vv. 5 and 7 the
differences make it unlikely to be used even as a short term
structuring word).
d. Keep in mind and refer always to the text and its meaning
and direction.
3. Verses 16 and 17 have no verbal links with the rest of the
section; v. 17 is different in nature and was almost always regarded as
a later addition by older commentators. This view has now been seriously
challenged. 1 The verse has a liturgical feel to it, and is similar to
Isa. 2.22 and Hab. 2.20. Must we also think of v. 16 as such? The
phrase D^tfiT TU> ~irm occurs identically in 1.17 and this points to the
hand of the final editor, always allowing for minor additions after the
last main redaction.
We thus arrive at the following pattern:
1. See, e.g., Rudolph, Haggai, pp. 91-92. He argues that this is not a
'nachtraglich angefiigte liturgische Formel', against Elliger and others, and supporting
Chary, Beuken and Petitjean. Rudolph draws attention to the connection between
vv. 14 and 17, and we ask why we have not noticed this. The answer is that the idea
of dwelling is expressed by ptf in vv. 14-15, but p^a is used in v. 17. The idea of
Yahweh rousing himself from his dwelling and coming to dwell with his people in
Jerusalem is probably clear enough to be spotted without verbal similarity, and therefore
counts as one of those features of the text which our method alone will miss.
The words are a recognizable word pair, as far as our evidence goes.