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1. Investigating Structure 25 repetition balance inversion focus or shift at the centre density of the parallel forms He argues that even where these are not clearly in evidence it may sometimes be desirable to draw attention to ways in which the text tends toward inverted order, or to focus on a particular sense of balance or symmetry which seems foundational to the text itself. Here it is possible to speak of chiasmus in a looser sense of the term, for chiasmus, like poetical or artistic forms generally, lends itself to a variety of application and arrangements which may on some occasions only approximate to its ideal composition. Where the inversion is less than perfect, some might contend that this is evidence that no inversion was ever intended by the writer at all. Rather, this might better be explained as evidence that the author simply took some liberty with the form. .. In such instances the analysis becomes much more complex and, depending to a large extent on what is to be proved thereby, may become controversial. It is not clear how committed to objectivity Welch is, for he says in conclusion, In the final analysis, our study ends where it begins: with the ancient text in hand. The features which it ultimately manifests are largely determined by what features the text is observed as manifesting. What a text says, o looks like, or stands for, is fundamentally a matter of what it says to its readers. .. What one ultimately sees in a text is only limited by, not determined by, potential criticisms which render a view more or less attractive. .. These remarks. . .do not purport to prove the validity or importance of chiasmus, for its proof is only in its perception and for that we must turn to the demonstrations below. 1 This seems to be to give up the hope of D.N. Freedman quoted above. In any case, it seems to me that most scholars interested in structure operate on the assumption that one simply needs to demonstrate a structure by pointing out correspondences that the reader can see. Very little attention is given to what the author might have intended and virtually no space is devoted to considering counter-claims from other scholars, or to explaining why certain correspondences in a text may be ignored. This will be demonstrated below, by considering a 1. Welch (ed.), Chiasmus in Antiquity, pp. 13-15.
26 Structure and the Book ofZechariah few selected examples from modern articles concerned with structure. The articles in Chiasmus in Antiquity unfortunately, in my opinion, do not go very far towards establishing either particular large scale chiastic structures, or criteria for recognizing structures planned by the author or editor of a text. Some examples are quite persuasive: for example, the Gilgamesh Epic, as presented by Simoons-Vermeer, although it is interesting that R.F. Smith, the writer of the article on Sumero-Akkadian literature, emends her scheme to something more complicated and with a different centre! 1 Some of the examples seem ridiculous, for example the Code of Lipit-Ishtar is said to have an A-B-A 1 structure: Prologue-Laws-Epilogue. 2 Radday's essay on biblical narrative contains some uncertain and, to my mind, irregular patterns. For example, Kings is presented as: A Introduction and Rise (1 Kgs 1-2; 2 chapters) B A Single Kingdom: Solomon (1 Kgs 3-11; 9 chapters) C The Divided Kingdom (1 Kgs 12-2 Kgs 17; 29 chapters) B' A Single Kingdom: Josiah (2 Kgs 18-23; 6 chapters) A Conclusion and Fall (2 Kgs 24-25; 2 chapters) 3 This does not look particularly regular, nor is it clear that the author/editor thought of 2 Kings 18-23 as a single kingdom matching the kingdom of Solomon. In the section 1 Kings 3-11 Radday argues for the following pattern: 4 A B C D E F G H F E' C G' B' D' A'. Apart from the fact that the sections vary in length from five to one hundred and fifty-five verses, this looks like a very irregular pattern. Radday admits that 'deviations from perfect symmetry occur' but argues that the only substantial one is G 1 . Statistics are used to measure 'deviation from a perfect chiasm', but I do not find this reassuring. It is particularly unsettling that Radday engages in a brief study of the book of Jonah, dismissing 2.2-9 as not integral to the book, without referring to Magonet's study. 5 1. Welch (ed.), Chiasmus in Antiquity, pp. 26-28. 2. Welch (ed.), Chiasmus in Antiquity, p. 20. 3. Welch (ed.), Chiasmus in Antiquity, p. 62. 4. Welch (ed.), Chiasmus in Antiquity, pp. 62-63. 5. Welch (ed.), Chiasmus in Antiquity, pp. 59-61.
Page 2 and 3: journal for the study of the old te
Page 4 and 5: Structure and the Book of Zechariah
Page 6 and 7: CONTENTS Preface 7 Table of Figures
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Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF FIGURES 1. Patterns in the
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Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION This book has two mutu
Page 16 and 17: Introduction 15 studies are entirel
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2. Division of Zechariah 75 10.Iff.
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2. Division of Zechariah 77 10.1-11
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Main investigation (computer result
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3. The Structure of Individual Sect
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Chapter 11 Verses Word 4 5 6 7 8 *T
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Bibliography 307 Good, R.M., 'Zecha
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Bibliography 309 Tidwell, N.L.A., '
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Bibliography 311 De Roche, M., 'Str
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Bibliography 313 Loader, J.A., Pola
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Bibliography 315 Veimes, G., Script
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30 34.22-23 46.3-4 58 68.10-11 71.2
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Matthew 21.1-11 27.10 180 210 Index
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Kikawada, I.M. 48 Kline, M.G. 275 K
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