NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EPIDEMIOLOGIC ...

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98 weighted DAWN data released by SAMHSA can be used for trend analysis. The preliminary unweighted data for the first half of 2004 represent drug reports in drug-related visits; reports exceed the number of visits since a patient may report use of multiple drugs (up to six drugs and alcohol). The analysis for this paper includes the “major substances of abuse” as well as prescription drug misuse. For major substances of abuse, all case types are included (i.e., suicide attempt, seeking detoxification, alcohol only [
As a percentage of the total, cocaine admissions have remained quite stable at 18 to 20 percent for several CEWG reporting periods (exhibit 4). Alcohol was the most commonly reported secondary drug problem among primary cocaine admissions (38 percent) (exhibit 5), followed by marijuana (19 percent). Smoking is the reported route of administration for 86 percent of all cocaine admissions, followed by inhalation (10 percent). When asked whether they had used any drug intravenously in the year prior to admission, approximately 5 percent of all primary cocaine admissions reported that they had used needles to administer one or more drugs intravenously at least once during the specified time period (exhibit 6). Sixty-seven percent of the primary cocaine admissions reported in the first half of 2004 were male, identical to the gender breakdown seen in the second half of 2003. Black non-Hispanics continued to dominate cocaine admissions (at 57 percent), followed by Hispanics (21 percent) and White non- Hispanics (15 percent). In terms of age at admission, nearly 40 percent were concentrated in the 36–45 year age group; an additional 23 percent of all primary cocaine admissions were between the ages of 26 and 35. Primary cocaine treatment admissions are more likely than treatment admissions for any other substance (alcohol, prescription medications, or illicit drugs) to report being homeless at admission (28 percent). The proportion of cocaine admissions referred to treatment through the criminal justice system in the first half of 2004 continued to decrease slightly to 20 percent of all admissions. More frequently mentioned referral sources included self-referral (33 percent) or referral through Proposition 36 (a.k.a. SACPA) court/probation (29 percent). Although one-third of primary cocaine admissions had never been admitted to treatment for a primary cocaine problem, approximately one-half (47 percent) had one or two prior treatment episodes. Forty-six percent earned a high school diploma or GED. At the time of admission, approximately 15 percent were employed either full- or part-time. Preliminary unweighted data accessed from DAWN Live! for the first half of 2004 indicate that of the 4,688 major substances of abuse reported in the Los Angeles division, 1,263 (27 percent) were cocaine/crack (exhibit 7). Cocaine was the second most likely major substance to be reported, following alcohol. Seventy percent of the patients reporting cocaine use were male; 40 percent were Black (followed by 31 percent Hispanic and 24 percent White); 35 percent were age 35–44; and 60 percent reported smoking crack. A total of 2,846 chief complaints EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Los Angeles County were logged for patients reporting cocaine. The top three complaints were psychiatric condition (694 complaints), altered mental status (691 complaints), and intoxication (592 complaints). Cocaine-using patients were most likely to be discharged home (39 percent) or admitted to a psychiatric inpatient ward (33 percent). California Poison Control System calls involving the use of cocaine/crack by Los Angeles County residents increased from 69 in 2000 to a high of 97 in 2003. In the first 6 months of 2004 alone, 41 calls involving cocaine/crack were received (exhibit 8a). Between January 2003 and June 2004, 68 percent of the cocaine-exposed callers were male, and 51 percent were between the ages of 26 and 44 (exhibit 9). An additional 20 percent were between the ages of 18 and 25. According to CHKS data for the 2003–2004 school year (exhibit 10), 7.4 percent of all Los Angeles County secondary school students (including 7th, 9th, and 11th graders, and a small sample of nontraditional students) who responded to the survey had ever used cocaine (crack or powder), and 3.8 percent were current cocaine users (defined as any use in the past 30 days). A breakdown of the data by grade level illustrated that among responding ninth graders, 5.4 percent had ever used cocaine and 3.0 percent were current cocaine users. A higher percentage of 11th graders than 9th graders reported current cocaine/crack use in the past 30 days. Of the lifetime cocaine users, 55 percent were male and 45 percent were female. The gender distribution was slightly wider for past-30-day use of cocaine (63 percent male vs. 37 percent female). Frequent cocaine use is defined as 20 or more days of use in the previous 30 days. Twenty-four percent of the current cocaine users reported frequent use. Among the frequent users, 74 percent were male. When asked about past-6month use of cocaine (any form), methamphetamine, or other stimulants, 7.1 percent of 9th graders and 6.5 percent of 11th graders responded in the affirmative (exhibit 11). According to long-term trends calculated from CHKS data spanning over the most recent 5 school years (exhibit 12), the pattern of past-30-day cocaine (powder or crack) use among responding secondary school students was similar to usage patterns for some of the other licit and illicit drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)/other psychedelics and methamphetamine. Past-30-day cocaine/crack use decreased consistently from the peak level seen in 1999–2000 (4.9 percent) to 3.8 percent in 2002– 2003. In 2003–2004, current cocaine use remained stable at 3.8 percent of all respondents. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 99
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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Page 54 and 55: 48 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
Page 58 and 59: • Emergency department (ED) drug
Page 60 and 61: monly mentioned secondary drug amon
Page 62 and 63: Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
Page 64 and 65: In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
Page 66 and 67: Ecstasy remained available in most
Page 70 and 71: EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
Page 72 and 73: 66 and analyzed by the Division of
Page 74 and 75: ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
Page 76 and 77: 18 at the time of admission to trea
Page 78 and 79: Injecting had been the most common
Page 80 and 81: alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
Page 90 and 91: The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
Page 92 and 93: Methamphetamine remains the leading
Page 94 and 95: methamphetamine, representing 76.5
Page 96 and 97: Of interest in this chart is the ag
Page 106 and 107: A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
Page 108 and 109: data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
Page 110 and 111: According to NDIC, California and M
Page 112 and 113: and 15 items were identified as pse
Page 114 and 115: most frequently reported secondary
Page 116 and 117: esidents are living with advanced H
Page 118 and 119: 112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
Page 128 and 129: (DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
Page 130 and 131: Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
Page 132 and 133: 65 percent were older than 34. The
Page 134 and 135: the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
Page 136 and 137: “Crystal” or smokeable methamph
Page 144 and 145: tion was injection (62.9 percent),
Page 146 and 147: included reports of ED cases involv
Page 152 and 153: From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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152 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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According to street interviews, mos
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that crack sells for about $28,000-
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Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
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DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be st
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the deaths, while Whites constitute
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2000 reported that the average hero
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for this drug, making olanzapine th
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ADHS/DBHS reported that more than o
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Marijuana is widely available in Ar
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212 2004. Data from 2000-2002 DAWN
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purity dropped to 14.4 percent in 2
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No recent GHB incidents or deaths w
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correspond to decreases in total ad
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228 reports in drug-related visits;
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Marijuana Arrests for marijuana-rel
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positivity. UHS staff believe, on t
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236 are not estimates for the repor
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were evident. Excluding missing dat
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The characteristics of other opiate
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June 2004 (exhibit 6c). A minority
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Deaths involving depressants were a
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imipramine) are an older class of m
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The term “lag” refers to the pe
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costs $1,200-$1,500, compared with
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ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
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The 2004 secondary school survey re
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nio and two 2-ounce bottles cost $1
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age may be partially due to the fac
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York and Miami (Pach et al. 2002).
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In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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opolitan Police Department report t
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International Report
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Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
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Others (63.8 percent) were using a
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Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
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Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
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DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
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Participant List National Institute
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Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
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Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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