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opolitan Police Department report that both tablet and powder methamphetamine are visible in the Washington, DC, club scenes. NFLIS data for Federal FY 2004 show that approximately 1 percent of analyzed drug items tested positive for methamphetamine. The NDIC reported that methamphetamine sold for $4,800 per one-half pound and 8-balls sold for $400 during the first 6 months of 2004. As in the District, the demand for and availability of methamphetamine in Maryland is extremely low compared to other drugs. Methamphetamine users in Maryland tend to be Caucasian males, particularly youth, those involved with the rave and club scenes, and middle- to lower-class blue collar workers. Methamphetamine use is more prevalent in the rural Western, Eastern, and Southern parts of the State. From January 2003 to May 2004, law enforcement officials reported that there were eight methamphetamine labs seized in Maryland: two in Garrett, one in Washington, three in Charles, one in Prince George's, and one in Cecil Counties. Although there is little indication that methamphetamine is an emerging problem in the District, there have been increases in the number of methamphetamine labs seized in several of the States surrounding the District. For example, there were 8 methamphetamine labs seized in Virginia in 1999, compared to 23 in 2003. In West Virginia and Pennsylvania, the number of labs seized over this period increased even more dramatically, from 3 to 52 and from 1 to 49, respectively. The Washington Post reported that nearly all of the methamphetamine seized in Virginia in 2004 was found in the Shenandoah Valley; methamphetamine is the primary drug seized along the north-south corridor between Winchester and Harrisonburg. A special report on methamphetamine from the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA explains this trend further. The cities of Harrisonburg and Strasburg, in particular, are highlighted by law enforcement as having a substantial methamphetamine presence. According to law enforcement, the primary users in these areas are rural, White, working-class adults, while the sellers are primarily Latino. Rival Hispanic criminal groups, such as MS-13 and South Side Locos in Strasburg, VA, have collaborated in the sale of methamphetamine since early 2004, increasing the chance that methamphetamine may increase in the area because of the presence of MS-13 in Maryland. Other Drugs Abuse of club drugs, such as MDMA, gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), and ketamine, is also relatively 294 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Washington, DC low in the District. MDMA is the most readily available and frequently abused “club drug,” selling for $18–$25 per tablet in the fourth quarter of 2002, according to the DEA Washington Division. The Washington/Baltimore HIDTA estimated a slightly lower range for the cost per dosage unit: $10–$20. MDMA is most frequently used and distributed by teens and young adults at raves and nightclubs. MDMA is typically driven to the District from New York, Philadelphia, Orlando, and Miami by Dominican and Asian trafficking organizations. In the unweighted data accessed from DAWN Live! for 2004, there were 82 ED reports involving MDMA, 7 involving GHB, and 8 involving lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) (exhibit 1b). There was only one report involving ketamine. MDMA and methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) each accounted for approximately 1 percent of analyzed drug items tested through NFLIS in Federal FY 2004. GHB and ketamine were each found in less than 1 percent of analyzed drug items tested through NFLIS in Federal FY 2004. No drug items tested positive for LSD. No deaths involving club drugs were reported in the DAWN mortality data from 1997 to 2002 (exhibit 2). Mentions of benzodiazepines are reported in the DAWN ED and mortality reports. In the unweighted DAWN data for 2004, 718 reports involved benzodiazepines. One death in 2001 was attributed solely to benzodiazepines (exhibit 2), but in the 1997–2000 time period, mentions of benzodiazepines in the mortality data ranged between 10 and 13. In 2002, four deaths were attributed to multiple drugs, including benzodiazepines. In the 2004 unweighted DAWN Live! system, there were 2,438 reports involving alcohol. DAWN mortality data show that mentions of deaths involving alcohol in combination with other drugs decreased from 29 in 1997 to 17 in 2001, with a peak of 44 in 1998. In 2002, however, alcohol-involved deaths more than doubled to 37 deaths (exhibit 2). In 2003, primary alcohol admissions accounted for approximately 18 percent of all treatment admissions, a slight decline from 2000 and 2001 (exhibit 3a). INFECTIOUS DISEASES RELATED TO DRUG ABUSE The diagnosis of AIDS cases increased rapidly from 1982 to 1993, when they peaked at 1,342 cases. The number of cases decreased 49 percent from 1993 to 2001, but cases increased 37.5 percent in 2002. There were 943 diagnosed cases in 2002, the last year for which data are available (exhibit 7). Males accounted for 70 percent of cases diagnosed in 2002. Almost three-quarters of the diagnoses in 2002 occurred Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
among 30–49-year-olds. Almost two-thirds (62 percent) of people in DC diagnosed with AIDS in 2002 were African-American, and about 21 percent had a history of injection drug use. The rate of AIDS deaths decreased from 47 per 100,000 in 1998 to 25 per 100,000 in 2003. REFERENCE Pach, A.; Brown, J.; Hendrickson, J.; Odom, T.; and Nemes, S. “Patterns and Trends of Drug Abuse EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Washington, DC in Washington, DC.” Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse, Volume II: Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group June 2002. Washington, DC: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2002. For inquiries concerning this report, please contact Eric Wish, Ph.D., Director, Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, 4321 Hartwick Road, Suite 501, College Park, MD 20740, Phone: 301-405-9770, Fax: 301-403-8342, E-mail: . Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 295
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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• Emergency department (ED) drug
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monly mentioned secondary drug amon
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Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
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In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
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Ecstasy remained available in most
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66 and analyzed by the Division of
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ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
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18 at the time of admission to trea
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Injecting had been the most common
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alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
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The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
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Methamphetamine remains the leading
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methamphetamine, representing 76.5
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Of interest in this chart is the ag
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98 weighted DAWN data released by S
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
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Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
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65 percent were older than 34. The
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the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
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“Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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tion was injection (62.9 percent),
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included reports of ED cases involv
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From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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According to street interviews, mos
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that crack sells for about $28,000-
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Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
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DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be st
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the deaths, while Whites constitute
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2000 reported that the average hero
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for this drug, making olanzapine th
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ADHS/DBHS reported that more than o
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Marijuana is widely available in Ar
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212 2004. Data from 2000-2002 DAWN
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purity dropped to 14.4 percent in 2
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No recent GHB incidents or deaths w
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correspond to decreases in total ad
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228 reports in drug-related visits;
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Marijuana Arrests for marijuana-rel
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positivity. UHS staff believe, on t
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236 are not estimates for the repor
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were evident. Excluding missing dat
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The characteristics of other opiate
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June 2004 (exhibit 6c). A minority
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Page 266 and 267: EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
Page 268 and 269: The term “lag” refers to the pe
Page 270 and 271: costs $1,200-$1,500, compared with
Page 272 and 273: ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
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Page 276 and 277: nio and two 2-ounce bottles cost $1
Page 278 and 279: age may be partially due to the fac
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Page 298 and 299: In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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Page 312 and 313: Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
Page 314 and 315: Others (63.8 percent) were using a
Page 323: Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
Page 333: Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
Page 336 and 337: DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
Page 339 and 340: Participant List National Institute
Page 341 and 342: Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
Page 343: Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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