NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EPIDEMIOLOGIC ...

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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Texas Exhibit 29. Adult and Youth Admissions to TDSHS-Funded Programs: 1H 2004 Avg. Lag-1st Total % of All Average Avg. Age Use to % First Percent Percent % Use % History of Primary Substance Admissions Admissions Age 1st Use Admission Treatment Married Male Needles IV Drug Use Total 28,261 100.0 32.4 19.1 14.0 43.2 18.7 61.8 19.2 33.1 Heroin 2,702 9.9 35.7 21.5 15.0 21.4 17.0 66.9 87.0 90.5 Methadone 29 0.1 32.2 25.8 7.0 21.9 21.9 37.5 31.3 56.3 Other Opiates 1,344 4.8 35.1 25.2 11.0 35.3 26.6 42.1 17.5 39.2 Alcohol 7,060 28.2 38.0 15.6 23.5 38.8 17.9 68.0 6.4 24.7 Depressants 368 1.3 31.4 23.2 9.0 39.3 18.8 35.7 7.8 26.9 Stimulants 2,760 9.8 30.1 19.7 11.3 50.7 21.0 45.9 49.3 61.4 Powder Cocaine 2,233 7.9 32.1 21.4 11.4 47.1 21.8 58.8 25.7 33.9 Marijuana 5,380 19.0 21.5 13.8 9.0 66.3 19.2 72.4 1.9 7.1 Hallucinogens 92 0.3 26.0 19.8 7.0 38.6 8.4 55.4 6.0 7.2 Other Drugs 160 0.6 31.1 22.4 9.6 50.5 7.7 42.9 9.9 20.9 Crack Cocaine 5,125 18.1 37.4 26.0 12.3 30.7 16.4 55.1 5.3 30.1 % Involved % Employed Average Average # of Women Percent Percent Percent with CJ or Percent Over Last 12 Education Percent Income Pregnant Primary Substance Black White Hispanic Legal System Employed Months (Years) Homeless At Adm at Admission Total 20.0 48.7 29.4 49.0 20.5 3.9 11.3 11.8 $5915 533 Heroin 8.7 35.2 54.1 31.0 12.5 2.7 11.2 12.8 $3780 38 Methadone 6.3 81.3 9.4 40.6 12.5 2.5 11.8 12.5 $2653 0 Other Opiates 9.1 81.9 7.9 31.1 12.1 3.5 12.3 7.8 $6179 13 Alcohol 15.4 58.2 24.4 44.4 24.7 4.6 12.0 13.4 $7382 53 Depressants 7.1 83.8 8.4 36.7 12.0 3.6 12.1 5.8 $5057 4 Stimulants 0.8 90.4 6.6 50.0 19.6 3.7 11.7 8.8 $5551 96 Powder Cocaine 12.3 38.2 47.1 50.0 26.0 4.5 11.4 6.6 $6502 62 Marijuana 21.6 32.4 43.4 75.9 35.5 4.8 9.9 7.7 $6140 126 Hallucinogens 78.3 14.5 7.2 51.8 24.1 2.8 11.2 12.0 $2611 3 Other Drugs 17.6 42.9 38.5 52.7 9.9 2.5 11.8 5.5 $4088 6 Crack Cocaine 49.7 33.5 15.4 37.6 12.1 3.0 11.7 18.4 $4847 129 Percent % Sickness Percent % Family Percen Percent Percent % on Emergency or Health Employment or Marital Social/Peer Psych/Emot. Drug/Alcohol Primary Substance Medication Room Visit Problems Problems Problems Problems Problems Problems Total 21.3 34.0 25.4 52.0 49.4 41.0 41.5 69.1 Heroin 29.1 32.9 25.6 67.3 61.3 55.4 38.2 88.4 Methadone 28.1 53.1 46.9 68.8 81.3 78.1 71.9 93.8 Other Opiates 32.8 56.6 40.0 52.9 57.8 46.8 58.7 84.3 Alcohol 24.0 40.0 27.3 52.8 49.1 41.3 47.4 72.2 Depressants 36.0 57.5 37.0 61.7 62.3 46.8 58.4 83.8 Stimulants 17.5 40.9 28.1 59.2 57.1 45.7 53.6 74.9 Powder Cocaine 18.1 35.8 23.6 48.6 47.7 35.7 38.5 66.0 Marijuana 12.9 15.5 15.3 35.7 31.1 24.2 23.2 44.1 Hallucinogens 14.5 44.6 25.3 54.2 55.4 41.0 30.1 61.4 Other Drugs 38.5 39.6 28.6 48.4 45.1 34.1 36.3 62.6 Crack Cocaine 22.3 38.3 29.6 58.8 57.7 49.4 46.2 77.7 SOURCE: TDSHS 288 Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Washington, DC Patterns and Trends of Drug Abuse in Washington, DC Erin Artigiani, M.A., Margaret Hsu, M.P.H., and Eric Wish, Ph.D. 1 ABSTRACT Cocaine/crack, marijuana, and heroin continued to be the main illicit drug problems in Washington, DC, in 2004, while the use and availability of PCP started to decline. Although cocaine/crack treatment admissions declined, cocaine remained one of the most serious drugs of abuse in the District. More adult arrestees tested positive for cocaine than for any other drug during the first 8 months of 2004. Pretrial Services test results indicate that PCP positives dropped sharply during this time. Juvenile arrestees were more likely to test positive for marijuana than for any other drug, but the percentage testing positive decreased slightly. Heroin treatment admissions increased slightly. While other parts of the country have seen shifts in the use of methamphetamine, use remains low and confined to isolated populations in DC. INTRODUCTION Area Description The Nation’s Capital is home to approximately 570,898 people residing in 8 wards that remain largely distinguishable by race and economic status (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001 update). A majority of the District’s wealthy White residents live in the northwest part of the city, while many of the poor African-American residents live in the northeast and southeast. There are slightly more females than males, and the majority of the District’s population continues to be African-American (60 percent). Nearly one-third of the population is White (31 percent), and the remainder is primarily Hispanic and/or Asian (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2000 Census). The population of the District is slightly older than the general U.S. population. One in five residents are younger than 18, and slightly more than 12 percent are age 65 and older. More than one-third (39.1 percent) of adults age 25 or older have at least a bachelor’s degree (Pach et al. 2002). Data from the 2000 census reveal several key demographic changes since 1990. The total population decreased by 5.7 percent during the 1990s, from 606,900 in 1990 to 572,059 in 2000. The number of African-Americans decreased by 14.1 percent, the number of Asians grew by 38.6 percent, and the number of Hispanic residents grew by 37.4 percent. The White population also grew by a much more modest 2 percent during this time period (Pach et al. 2002). Despite a nationwide economic recession, wealth distributions in the District became more polarized during 2002. Buoyed by the draw of potential income from service employment, government spending, and an established technology industry, measures of wealth such as median household income ($40,127 in the District in 1999) increased in the DC metropolitan region. The percentage of persons living in poverty also increased in many areas in and around Washington (Pach et al. 2002). One in five residents were living in poverty in 1999 (U.S. Census Bureau). Alcohol abuse costs the District approximately $700 million per year, and illicit drug use costs about $500 million per year. Nearly 1 in 10 residents (approximately 60,000) are addicted to illegal drugs and/or alcohol. At least one-half (26,000–42,000) of these individuals have co-occurring substance abuse and mental health disorders. The DC Household Survey indicates that first-time drug use occurs at a younger age in the District than in the rest of the Nation. Homicides in the District decreased sharply from 248 in 2003 to 198 in 2004. Drugs are still listed as one of the four most common motives behind these homicides, along with arguments, retaliation, and robberies. The major drug problems in the District continue to be cocaine/crack, marijuana, and heroin. The use and availability of phencyclidine (PCP) increased from 2000 to 2002 but decreased in 2004. The use of club drugs like methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) also appears to be decreasing. Information from the Department of Justice’s National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) suggests that the District has a wide variety of drug transportation options, including an extensive highway system, three major airports, and rail and bus systems. While both NDIC and ethnographic information suggest that traffickers extensively use all of these options, Washington appears to be a secondary drug distribution center; most drugs intended for distribution in DC are distributed first to larger cities, such as New 1 The authors are affiliated with the Center for Substance Abuse Research, College Park, Maryland. Some background material was taken from prior CEWG reports. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 289
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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• Emergency department (ED) drug
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monly mentioned secondary drug amon
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Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
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In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
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Ecstasy remained available in most
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66 and analyzed by the Division of
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ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
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18 at the time of admission to trea
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Injecting had been the most common
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alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
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The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
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Methamphetamine remains the leading
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methamphetamine, representing 76.5
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Of interest in this chart is the ag
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98 weighted DAWN data released by S
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
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Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
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65 percent were older than 34. The
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the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
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“Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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tion was injection (62.9 percent),
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included reports of ED cases involv
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From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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According to street interviews, mos
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that crack sells for about $28,000-
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Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
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DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be st
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the deaths, while Whites constitute
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2000 reported that the average hero
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for this drug, making olanzapine th
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ADHS/DBHS reported that more than o
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Marijuana is widely available in Ar
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212 2004. Data from 2000-2002 DAWN
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purity dropped to 14.4 percent in 2
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No recent GHB incidents or deaths w
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correspond to decreases in total ad
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228 reports in drug-related visits;
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Marijuana Arrests for marijuana-rel
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positivity. UHS staff believe, on t
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236 are not estimates for the repor
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Page 252 and 253: imipramine) are an older class of m
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Page 268 and 269: The term “lag” refers to the pe
Page 270 and 271: costs $1,200-$1,500, compared with
Page 272 and 273: ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
Page 274 and 275: The 2004 secondary school survey re
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Page 278 and 279: age may be partially due to the fac
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Page 298 and 299: In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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Page 309: International Report
Page 312 and 313: Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
Page 314 and 315: Others (63.8 percent) were using a
Page 323: Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
Page 333: Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
Page 336 and 337: DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
Page 339 and 340: Participant List National Institute
Page 341 and 342: Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
Page 343: Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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