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No recent GHB incidents or deaths were reported. GHB education efforts are directed towards ED personnel, who often see the users initially. Ketamine (“Special K”), a veterinary anesthetic, is known for its hallucinogenic effects. Use of ketamine has been not been seen recently. INFECTIOUS DISEASES RELATED TO DRUG ABUSE HIV HIV seropositivity among IDUs remained low in St. Louis. While the predominant number of cases is among men who have sex with men (MSM), the largest increase was found among young African- American females, who were infected through heterosexual or bisexual contact, and young homosexual African-American males. As a result, increased specialized minority prevention efforts have been initiated. Of the total 6,646 persons living with HIV disease identified through May 2004, 5 percent were IDUs and 5 percent involved men who have sex with men and are also IDUs (MSM/IDUs) (exhibit 2). The number of infected African-Americans was increasing disproportionately among males and females. HIV Research Saint Louis University has continued research on HIV prevention vaccines. Most of the prevention vaccine trials have been Phase I trials in low-risk individuals, and new DNA vaccines and adjuvants are being studied. 216 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—St. Louis Two Phase II trials are being implemented within the next year. STDs and Hepatitis C A resurgence of syphilis among MSM has led to increased surveillance and targeted prevention programs to this population. Rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia remain stable and high in the urban STD clinics. St. Louis ranks third in the country for gonorrhea, with cases remaining at approximately 1,000 per year, and second for chlamydia. The increase in heterosexual transmission is a concern for public health officials. Further research is needed on ways to effect sustained behavior change. HIV and syphilis/gonorrhea rates are high in neighborhoods known to have high levels of drug abuse, underscoring the concept of assortative mixing in cohorts. This may limit the cross-spread of these illnesses within a neighborhood or Zip Code. Hepatitis C is a concern in these populations, but inconsistent reporting has made estimation of the problem and tracking of hepatitis C cases difficult REFERENCES Herlig, C. Strategic Intelligence, St. Louis Office of the Drug Enforcement Administration. Personal communication. Cottler, L.; et al. St. Louis, Missouri: Washington University. Personal communication. For inquires concerning this report, please contact Heidi Israel, Ph.D., R.N., L.C.S.W., Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 3691 Rutger – Suite 103, St. Louis, MO 63110, Phone: (314) 977-9644, Fax: (314) 977-1781, E-mail: Israelha@slu.edu. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—St. Louis Exhibit 1a. Combined Indicators for Cocaine, Heroin, Marijuana, and Methamphetamine in St. Louis: 1996−June 2004 Indicator Number of Deaths by Year Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Methamphetamine 1996 93 51 NA 1 9 1997 43 67 NA 11 1998 47 56 NA 9 1999 51 44 NA 4 2000 66 47 NA 9 2001 75 20 NA 3 2002 76 50 NA – 2003 78 61 NA --- 2 DAWN ED Data—Weighted Data Number of Mentions (2002) 3,536 1,167 2,866 150 Number of Mentions (2001) 3,080 1,309 2,311 115 Rate per 100,000 Population (2002) 153 51 124 7 Gender of Mentions (%) (2002) Male Female Age (%) (2002) 12–17 18–34 35 and older Race (%) (2002) White African-American Hispanic Other/unknown Route of Administration (%) (Last update-2000) Smoking Intranasal Injection Unknown/other DAWN Live! ED Data—Unweighted Data 4 63.3 36.1 1.5 36.9 61.5 39.1 56.3 0.6 2.9 62.3 25.9 7.0 4.8 Number of Reports (2004) 1,551 560 2,866 150 Gender of Reports (%) (2004) Male Female Age (%) (2004) 12–17 18–34 35 and older Race (%) (2004) White African-American Hispanic Other/unknown Route of Administration (%) (1H 2004) Smoking Intranasal Injection Unknown/other 64.0 36.0 1.5 40.0 58.5 51.5 49.5 0.0 0.0 93.0 4.0 1.5 1.1 1 NA=Not applicable. 2 Dashes (---) indicate than an estimate has been suppressed because of incomplete data. 3 Dots (…) indicate that an estimate with a relative standard error greater than 50 percent has been suppressed. 4 The unweighted data are from 15 to 18 St. Louis EDs reporting to DAWN. All DAWN cases are reviewed for quality control. Based on this review, cases may be corrected or deleted and, therefore, are subject to change. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 217 63.8 36.2 1.4 56.0 42.4 55.6 39.9 … 3 3.1 6.4 22.2 71.5 – 69.2 30.8
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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• Emergency department (ED) drug
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monly mentioned secondary drug amon
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Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
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In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
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Ecstasy remained available in most
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66 and analyzed by the Division of
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ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
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18 at the time of admission to trea
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Injecting had been the most common
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alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
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The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
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Methamphetamine remains the leading
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methamphetamine, representing 76.5
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Of interest in this chart is the ag
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98 weighted DAWN data released by S
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
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Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
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65 percent were older than 34. The
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the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
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“Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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tion was injection (62.9 percent),
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included reports of ED cases involv
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From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
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The 2004 secondary school survey re
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nio and two 2-ounce bottles cost $1
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age may be partially due to the fac
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York and Miami (Pach et al. 2002).
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In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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opolitan Police Department report t
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International Report
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Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
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Others (63.8 percent) were using a
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Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
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Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
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DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
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Participant List National Institute
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Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
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Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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