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234 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—San Francisco Bay Area Exhibit 4. Price and Purity of Heroin Samples: 1994–2003 SOURCE: DEA Year Price per Pure Milligram Purity (Percent) 1994 $0.95 29 1995 $0.83 35 1996 $0.83 24 1997 $0.63 26 1998 $0.33 26 1999 $0.47 20 2000 $0.70 15 2001 $1.40 10 2002 $0.99 12 2003 $0.98 11 Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Seattle-King County Area Recent Drug Abuse Trends in the Seattle-King County Area Caleb Banta-Green, 1 T. Ron Jackson, 2 Susan Kingston, 3 Michael Hanrahan, 4 Steve Freng, 5 David H. Albert, 6 Ann Forbes, 7 and Kris Nyrop 8 ABSTRACT Cocaine continues to be a major drug of abuse with high levels of mortality and treatment admissions, particularly among African-Americans. The number of heroin deaths continues to decline, as does the proportion of heroin deaths involving no other drugs. Deaths and treatment admissions for prescription opiates continue to rise. Methamphetamine indicators appear to be plateauing in King County; users are disproportionately Caucasian. Marijuana is widely used, particularly by youth. Prescription depressant medications are mostly used in combination with other drugs, often with deadly effects. MDMA (‘ecstasy’) indicators have declined in the past few years; adulteration continues and may be increasing. Hepatitis B and C infect the majority of IDUs. HIV among IDUs is generally low, with the exception of methamphetamine-injecting men who have sex with men. INTRODUCTION Area Description Located on Puget Sound in western Washington, King County spans 2,130 square miles, of which the city of Seattle occupies 84 square miles. The combined ports of Seattle and nearby Tacoma make Puget Sound the second largest combined loading center in the United States. Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, located in King County, is the largest airport in the Pacific Northwest. The Interstate 5 corridor runs from Tijuana, Mexico, in the south, passes through King County, and continues northward to Canada. Interstate 90’s western terminus is in Seattle; it runs east over the Cascade Mountain range, through Spokane, and across Idaho and Montana. According to the 2000 census, the population of King County is 1,737,034. King County’s population is the The authors’ affiliations are as follows: 1 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington 2 Evergreen Treatment Services 3 Project NEON, Public Health – Seattle & King County 4 HIV/AIDS Program, Public Health – Seattle & King County 5 Northwest High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area 6 Division of Alcohol and Substance Abuse, Washington State Department of Social and Health Services 7 Washington State Alcohol and Drug Help Line 8 Street Outreach Services 12th largest in the United States. Of Washington’s 5.9 million residents, 29 percent live in King County. The city of Seattle’s population is 563,374; the suburban population of King County is growing at a faster rate than Seattle itself. The county’s population is 75.7 percent White, 10.8 percent Asian/Pacific Islander, 5.5 percent Hispanic, 5.4 percent African-American, 0.9 percent Native American or Alaska Native, 0.5 percent Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, and 2.6 percent “some other race.” Those reporting two or more races constitute 4.1 percent of the population. Income statistics show that 8.0 percent of adults and 12.3 percent of children in the county live below the Federal poverty level, lower than the State averages of 10.2 percent and 15.2 percent, respectively. Data Sources Information for this report was obtained from the sources described below: • Emergency department (ED) drug reports data were obtained from DAWN Live!, a restrictedaccess online system administered by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), Office of Applied Studies (OAS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Preliminary data for the first half of 2004 are presented, and these data were accessed on January 14, 2005. All 22 eligible hospitals in the area are in the DAWN sample. There are 23 emergency departments in the sample, since one hospital has two EDs. During the 6-month period, between 10 and 13 EDs reported data each month. Data were incomplete, with less than 50 percent complete data for 1–4 of these EDs in 8 of the 12 months. These data are preliminary. All DAWN cases are reviewed for quality control and, based on the review, may be corrected or deleted. Therefore, the data may change. Data represent drug reports and Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 235
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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• Emergency department (ED) drug
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monly mentioned secondary drug amon
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Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
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In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
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Ecstasy remained available in most
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66 and analyzed by the Division of
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ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
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18 at the time of admission to trea
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Injecting had been the most common
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alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
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The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
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Methamphetamine remains the leading
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methamphetamine, representing 76.5
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Of interest in this chart is the ag
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98 weighted DAWN data released by S
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
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Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
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65 percent were older than 34. The
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the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
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“Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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tion was injection (62.9 percent),
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included reports of ED cases involv
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From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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According to street interviews, mos
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that crack sells for about $28,000-
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Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
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DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be st
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York and Miami (Pach et al. 2002).
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In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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opolitan Police Department report t
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International Report
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Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
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Others (63.8 percent) were using a
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Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
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Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
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DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
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Participant List National Institute
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Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
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Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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