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Others (63.8 percent) were using a second drug, usually marijuana (26.1 percent), crystal methamphetamine (20.9 percent), alcohol (15.4 percent), or heroin (12.3 percent). Of the multiple drug using group, 46.3 percent used a third drug, mainly crystal methamphetamine (23.9 percent), marijuana (15.2 percent), or alcohol (14.6 percent) (exhibit 10). Juvenile Detention Centers reported that 15.2 percent of the younger arrestees in the first half of 2004 used cocaine (exhibit 6). Most were male (94.4 percent); 54.3 percent had an elementary school education; 39.5 percent were subemployed; 35.5 percent had tattoos; and only 32.5 percent were gang members. Less than one-third of these juvenile infractors (29.3 percent) committed the offense under intoxication, and robbery was the most common offense (48.5 percent). Heroin According to GTCs, heroin patients in the first half of 2004 were all males. More than one-quarter (27.3 percent) were age 20–24; 18.2 percent were age 15– 19; 90.0 percent were equally divided between having an elementary, middle school, and high school education; and 27.3 percent were single (exhibit 1). Sixty percent came from a middle low socioeconomic background, and 30.0 percent were from a low socioeconomic level. The age of onset for 45.5 percent of the heroin users occurred between the ages of 10 and 14. All reported daily use. Of the 11 GTC patients attending treatment during the first half of 2004, only 0.1 percent reported heroin as their drug of onset; as a primary drug it ranked fifth (2.4 percent). According to NGC data, most heroin patients were male (92.2 percent); 39.1 percent were age 35 and older; 40.5 percent had only an elementary school 308 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—SISVEA education; and 54.7 percent were single. The most common age of first use of heroin among these patients was 15–19 (38.6 percent); 95.2 percent reported daily use. Since 1994, heroin as drug of onset among NGC patients has been increasing. In the first half of 2004, 2.1 percent of NGC patients reported heroin as a drug of first use. As the primary drug of use, heroin ranked third among NGC patients (18.3 percent). Juvenile Detention Centers reported that 0.4 percent of the juveniles arrested during the first half of 2004 used heroin (exhibit 6). Most were male (95.5 percent); 57.1 percent had an elementary school education; 36.4 percent were unemployed; 50.0 percent had tattoos; and 45.5 percent were gang members. Of the heroin arrestees, 42.9 percent of their offenses were committed under intoxication, and robbery was the most common offense (59.1 percent). CONCLUSIONS SISVEA has been strengthened and currently includes all areas in Mexico. The types of drugs reported varied according to different sources of information. Marijuana and cocaine increased among the Juvenile Detention Center population. GTCs reported a slight increase in the use of cocaine among female patients. Prior to 1998, marijuana was the most frequently reported drug in NGCs. Beginning in 1999, however, surveillance data show a slight increase in alcohol consumption among NGC patients; alcohol currently ranks first in consumption reports. Alcohol appears as the greatest drug of impact during the first half of 2004 and ranked slightly above cocaine and heroin. An increase in alcohol use was also observed at GTCs as both the drug of onset and the drug of impact; it ranked above cocaine as the drug of impact. For inquiries concerning this report, please contact Roberto Tapia-Conyer, Ministry of Health of Mexico, Cerro de Macuiltepec #83, Col. Campestre Churubusco, 04200, Delagacion Coyoacan, D.F., Mexico City, Phone: 525-55-53-7145, Fax: 525-55-53-7292, E-mail: rtapia@mail.ssa.gob.mx. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—SISVEA Exhibit 1. Demographic Characteristics of GTC Patients, by First Drug of Use and Percent: January–June 2004 Total Marijuana Inhalants Alcohol Cocaine 1 Demographic Heroin Tobacco Characteric N=10,761 n=1,250 n=799 n=3,582 n=404 n=11 n=4,460 Gender Age Male 82.4 92.1 85.1 82.6 78.6 100.0 79.3 Female 17.6 7.9 14.9 17.4 21.4 0.0 20.7 5–14 years 8.7 6.6 28.6 7.0 6.5 0.0 7.2 15–19 26.8 27.1 31.3 24.0 26.3 18.2 28.3 20–24 18.5 19.7 15.3 18.9 26.3 27.3 17.7 25–29 15.1 18.0 11.0 16.5 22.1 9.1 13.3 30–34 11.1 12.9 6.5 12.7 11.7 0.0 10.2 35 and older 19.8 15.8 7.3 20.9 7.1 45.4 23.2 Schooling Elementary school 19.4 22.9 33.2 16.8 15.9 30.0 18.2 Middle school 43.9 46.0 55.3 41.8 45.6 30.0 43.0 High school 22.1 21.3 8.1 24.8 25.9 30.0 22.4 College studies 9 6.5 0.5 10.3 6.5 10.0 10.4 No formal education 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 Other 5.1 2.7 2.0 5.8 5.8 0.0 5.8 Marital Status Single 57.9 61.4 76.4 54.9 51.8 27.3 56.6 Married 23.4 18.4 10.2 26.2 26.7 27.3 24.8 Divorced 2.1 1.8 0.6 2.3 1.6 27.3 2.3 Widowed 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 Living together 10.4 11.9 8.9 10.4 13.7 18.2 10.0 Other 5.6 6.3 3.9 5.8 6.2 0.0 5.4 Socioeconomic Level High, middle-high 15.3 14.0 8.4 15.4 12.2 10.0 16.9 Middle-low 54.2 49.0 55.1 54.5 56.9 60.0 54.9 Middle 7.4 9.5 4.5 7.6 5.1 0.0 7.4 Low 23.2 27.5 32.0 22.5 25.9 30.0 20.7 Age of Onset 9 and younger 5.2 2.1 6.5 5.2 1.7 0.0 6.1 10–14 48.4 49.1 65.9 39.5 29.1 45.5 53.5 15–19 40.2 43.4 26.6 47.0 49.3 27.3 35.7 20–24 4.3 4.5 0.8 6.1 8.6 18.2 3.2 25–29 1.1 0.6 0.1 1.3 7.6 0.0 0.9 30–34 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.5 2.3 9.1 0.3 35 and older 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.3 Frequency Daily 53.9 66.1 42.2 16.7 35.8 100.0 79.2 Once a week 27.6 21.1 41.3 48.2 42.3 0.0 12.4 1–3 times per month 16.8 11.2 14.6 31.3 20.9 0.0 8.0 1–11 times per year 1.7 1.6 1.9 3.8 1.0 0.0 0.4 1 Includes cocaine, basuco, and crack. SOURCE: SISVEA—Government treatment centers Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 309
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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• Emergency department (ED) drug
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monly mentioned secondary drug amon
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Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
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In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
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Ecstasy remained available in most
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66 and analyzed by the Division of
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ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
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18 at the time of admission to trea
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Injecting had been the most common
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alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
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The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
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Methamphetamine remains the leading
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methamphetamine, representing 76.5
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Of interest in this chart is the ag
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98 weighted DAWN data released by S
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
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Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
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65 percent were older than 34. The
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the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
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“Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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tion was injection (62.9 percent),
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included reports of ED cases involv
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From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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According to street interviews, mos
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that crack sells for about $28,000-
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Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
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DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be st
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the deaths, while Whites constitute
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2000 reported that the average hero
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for this drug, making olanzapine th
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ADHS/DBHS reported that more than o
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Marijuana is widely available in Ar
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212 2004. Data from 2000-2002 DAWN
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purity dropped to 14.4 percent in 2
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No recent GHB incidents or deaths w
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correspond to decreases in total ad
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228 reports in drug-related visits;
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Marijuana Arrests for marijuana-rel
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positivity. UHS staff believe, on t
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236 are not estimates for the repor
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were evident. Excluding missing dat
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The characteristics of other opiate
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June 2004 (exhibit 6c). A minority
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Deaths involving depressants were a
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imipramine) are an older class of m
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Page 264 and 265: 258 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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Page 268 and 269: The term “lag” refers to the pe
Page 270 and 271: costs $1,200-$1,500, compared with
Page 272 and 273: ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
Page 274 and 275: The 2004 secondary school survey re
Page 276 and 277: nio and two 2-ounce bottles cost $1
Page 278 and 279: age may be partially due to the fac
Page 296 and 297: York and Miami (Pach et al. 2002).
Page 298 and 299: In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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Page 309: International Report
Page 312 and 313: Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
Page 323: Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
Page 333: Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
Page 336 and 337: DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
Page 339 and 340: Participant List National Institute
Page 341 and 342: Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
Page 343: Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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