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50 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Greater Boston Exhibit 5. Boston Police Department Arrests by Substance, 1 by Number and Percent: 1997–2003 Drug Class Number (%) A (Mostly Heroin) 1,392 (22.7) B (Mostly Cocaine) 2,918 (47.5) D (Mostly Marijuana) 1,617 (26.3) Other 216 (3.5) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Number (%) 1,061 (22.5) 2,225 (47.1) 1,211 (25.6) 226 (4.8) Number (%) 984 (24.0) 1,847 (45.1) 1,133 (27.7) 133 (3.3) Number (%) 1,022 (27.1) 1,532 (40.6) 1,093 (29.0) 123 (3.3) Number (%) 905 (26.4) 1,428 (41.7) 982 (28.7) 111 (3.2) Number (%) 947 (22.5) 1,762 (41.9) 1,375 (32.7) 125 (3.0) Number (%) 939 (22.5) 1,736 (41.6) 1,366 (32.7) 133 (3.2) Total Drug Arrests 6,143 4,723 4,097 3,770 3,426 4,209 4,174 Total Arrests 27,843 25,481 23,592 22,216 20,470 21,025 20,686 Drug Percentage of Total Arrests (23.7) (18.5) (17.4) (17.0) (16.7) (20.0) (20.2) 1 Includes all arrests made by the Boston Police Department (i.e., arrests for possession, distribution, manufacturing, trafficking, possession of hypodermic needles, conspiracy to violate false substance acts, and forging prescriptions). SOURCE: Boston Police Department, Office of Planning and Research; prepared by the Boston Public Health Commission, Research Office Exhibit 6. Drug Street Price, Purity, and Availability in Boston: November 2003–December 2004 Drug Price $75–$100 per gram Purity Availability Heroin $60–$100 per bundle $6–$20 per bag High Readily Cocaine (powder) $50–$90 per gram retail Decreasing Steady, available Crack $10–$20 per rock Marijuana $5 per joint $200–$250 per ounce Commercial Grade Readily Methamphetamine $250 per gram Unknown Limited quantities MDMA (Ecstasy) $20–$25 per tablet High (clubs & colleges) OxyContin $1 per milligram LSD $5 per dose Ketamine $50–$70 per vial GHB $5 per capful SOURCES: Price data: Narcotics Digest Weekly, Volume 3, Number 52. National Drug Intelligence Center, Department of Justice, December 28, 2004; Purity data: New England Field Division, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as of December 2003. Prepared by the Boston Public Health Commission, Research Office Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—Chicago Patterns and Trends of Drug Abuse in Chicago Dita Broz, M.P.H., Matthew Magee, Wayne Wiebel, Ph.D., and Lawrence Ouellet, Ph.D. 1 ABSTRACT Most indicators suggest that heroin and cocaine continue to pose a serious problem for Chicago and Illinois. The rate for heroin ED mentions and the number of heroin-related deaths in 2002 were the highest among the 21 DAWN metropolitan areas. Treatment episodes increased between 2000 and 2003, indicating continued high levels of heroin use. The purity of street-level heroin decreased between 2001 and 2003 from about 24 percent to 16 percent, though ethnographic reports suggest a recent increase. Many cocaine indicators remain the highest for all substances except alcohol. Cocainerelated treatment episodes increased between FYs 2002 and 2003 by 20 percent, and increases in use among students enrolled in the Chicago public schools, especially among eighth graders, were observed in 2002 and 2003. Methamphetamine indicators continued to show low but increasing levels of use in some areas of Chicago, especially on the north side, where young gay men and clubgoers congregate. Methamphetamine use is significantly higher in downstate Illinois. MDMA (ecstasy) ED mentions decreased 60 percent between 2000 and 2002, but increases in use have recently been reported among young African-Americans. LSD and PCP indicators suggest a downward trend in use. The proportion of new AIDS cases attributed to injection drug use peaked at 33 percent in 1996 and then steadily decreased to 24 percent as of 2002. Prospective studies of young heroin users in Chicago conducted by the authors of this report suggest a low HIV and HCV seroprevalence, but many engage in receptive sharing of injecting and snorting equipment, placing them at high risk for acquiring these infections. INTRODUCTION Area Description The 2000 U.S. census estimated the population of Chicago at 2.9 million, Cook County (which includes Chicago) at 5.4 million, and the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) at slightly more than 8 million (ranking third in the Nation). The city population 1 The authors are affiliated with the University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois. declined 4 percent between 1970 and 1980 and another 7 percent in the 1980s. Based on 2000 census data, the city population increased about 4 percent between 1990 and 2000. The number of Hispanics living in Chicago increased 38 percent during this period, while the number of Whites and African- Americans declined by 14 and 2 percent, respectively. According to the 2000 census, the Chicago population is 36 percent African-American, 31 percent White, 26 percent Hispanic, and 4 percent Asian- American/Pacific Islander. In 2000, the median age of Chicagoans was 31.5, with 26 percent of the population younger than 18 and 10 percent age 65 or older. The unemployment rate is 6.2 percent, and the percentage of families below the poverty level with children younger than 18 years is 11.4 percent. Data Sources During this reporting period, the majority of local and national datasets traditionally used in this report had not been updated. In addition, the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) recently restructured its data collection methods, and, as a result, estimates produced as of 2003 are not comparable to previous years. Given these limitations, this paper attempts to provide a meaningful summary of previously reported trends and introduces more recent data primarily collected from analytical and ethnographic studies conducted by the authors. Below is a detailed review of the various data sources: • Drug-related mortality data were derived from the DAWN, Office of Applied Studies (OAS), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), mortality system for 1998–2002. The DAWN system covered 56 percent of the MSA jurisdictions and 92 percent of the MSA population in 2000. Data on pediatric toxicity were available from the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Reporting System (APORS) reports through 2002. Data on deaths related to accidental drug poisonings were provided by the Chicago Department of Public Health (1980–2002). Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 51
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
Page 6 and 7: EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
Page 8 and 9: 2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
Page 11: Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
Page 14 and 15: • The city of Atlanta has become
Page 16 and 17: In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
Page 18 and 19: eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
Page 20 and 21: population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
Page 22 and 23: 16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
Page 26 and 27: data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
Page 28 and 29: than age 18, compared to 4 percent
Page 30 and 31: More often than not, marijuana use
Page 32 and 33: Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
Page 44 and 45: • Logan International Airport and
Page 46 and 47: In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
Page 48 and 49: The FY 2004 racial distribution for
Page 58 and 59: • Emergency department (ED) drug
Page 60 and 61: monly mentioned secondary drug amon
Page 62 and 63: Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
Page 64 and 65: In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
Page 66 and 67: Ecstasy remained available in most
Page 72 and 73: 66 and analyzed by the Division of
Page 74 and 75: ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
Page 76 and 77: 18 at the time of admission to trea
Page 78 and 79: Injecting had been the most common
Page 80 and 81: alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
Page 90 and 91: The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
Page 92 and 93: Methamphetamine remains the leading
Page 94 and 95: methamphetamine, representing 76.5
Page 96 and 97: Of interest in this chart is the ag
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
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Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
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65 percent were older than 34. The
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the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
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“Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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tion was injection (62.9 percent),
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included reports of ED cases involv
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From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
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NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
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from 12.2 percent in the first half
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156 2003. Anecdotal information on
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Brownsville, and El Paso. African-A
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ground economy, it was estimated th
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According to street interviews, mos
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that crack sells for about $28,000-
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Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
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DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be st
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the deaths, while Whites constitute
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2000 reported that the average hero
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for this drug, making olanzapine th
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ADHS/DBHS reported that more than o
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Marijuana is widely available in Ar
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212 2004. Data from 2000-2002 DAWN
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purity dropped to 14.4 percent in 2
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No recent GHB incidents or deaths w
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correspond to decreases in total ad
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228 reports in drug-related visits;
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Marijuana Arrests for marijuana-rel
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positivity. UHS staff believe, on t
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236 are not estimates for the repor
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were evident. Excluding missing dat
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The characteristics of other opiate
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June 2004 (exhibit 6c). A minority
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Deaths involving depressants were a
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imipramine) are an older class of m
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The term “lag” refers to the pe
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costs $1,200-$1,500, compared with
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ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
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The 2004 secondary school survey re
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nio and two 2-ounce bottles cost $1
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age may be partially due to the fac
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York and Miami (Pach et al. 2002).
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In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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opolitan Police Department report t
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International Report
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Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
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Others (63.8 percent) were using a
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Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
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Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
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DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
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Participant List National Institute
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Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
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Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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