NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EPIDEMIOLOGIC ...

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ecstasy. MDMA ED mentions may be stabilizing. Although ED mentions totaled 24 in 1996 and 172 in 2001, the number of mentions declined insignificantly to 143 in 2002. MDMA is available in tablet, capsule, and powdered form. A dose sells for about $13 wholesale and $30 retail. The number of DAWN deaths involving the category of club drugs (including MDMA, ketamine, GHB, gamma butyrolactone [GBL], and Rohypnol) totaled 19 in 2002. Although this number is small, it shows a large increase from previous years: four in 1999 and five in 2002. Available as a club drug in New York City, the veterinary anesthetic ketamine produces hallucinogenic effects similar to PCP and visual effects similar to LSD. On the street, the drug is called “Special K,” “K,” “Vitamin K,” and “Cat Valium,” and sells for approximately $25–$50 per dosage unit. It comes in liquid, powdered, or tablet form, and it may be administered intranasally or injected. While ketamine is not currently a controlled substance under Federal law, it is listed as a controlled substance in New York State. The number of ketamine ED mentions has remained relatively stable for the last few years, numbering 36 in 2002. It is available in club settings and has not been reported on the “street.” Another club drug of concern is GHB. GHB ED mentions in New York City remain very low. Although not generally available on the street, GHB and the analogs (GBL, BD, GHV, and GVL) can be easily obtained in many dance clubs. It is also known as liquid MDMA, “grievous bodily harm,” or “Georgia Homeboy.” It is usually available in liquid form, and in a club, GHB may cost $45–$65 for a bottle cap full. A single dose costs about $20. LSD is a strong hallucinogen that has not been a major problem in New York City since the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also known as acid, boomer, and yellow sunshine. The club drug sellers and users have comparable demographics, since they tend to interact in special youthdriven situations. Both sellers and buyers tend to be young (early twenties or younger to thirties), White, and disproportionately male, and most are in college or associate with a college or club-going crowd. Although these drugs are part of the New York drug scene, their appeal at this point has been limited to a small minority of substance abusers. When field researchers asked their street sources with chronic histories of substance abuse about these drugs, most 174 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—New York City indicated that they never used these substances, and did not know anyone selling or using them. INFECTIOUS DISEASES RELATED TO DRUG ABUSE The AIDS epidemic, with its impact on injection drug users (IDUs), has played a crucial role in shaping the New York City drug scene over the last two decades. HIV first entered New York City in the mid- to late- 1970s. AIDS reporting was mandated in 1983, but reporting of HIV infection began in June 2000. Sixteen percent of AIDS cases nationwide have been diagnosed in New York City, and 17 percent of AIDS deaths in the United States have occurred in New York City. According to the New York City Department of Health, a cumulative total of 142,085 adult and pediatric AIDS cases were reported in New York City as of December 31, 2003. Overall, reports show that 84,808 New Yorkers have died of AIDS, representing 60 percent of those who have contracted the disease. As of December 31, 2003, 88,479 New Yorkers were diagnosed with HIV or AIDS; 31,163 were living with HIV (non-AIDS), and 57,316 were living with AIDS. The true number of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is actually higher, since the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene estimates that 25 percent of persons living with HIV have never been tested and do not know that they are infected. AIDS incidence in New York City peaked in 1993, with 12,649 cases. Mortality dropped sharply beginning in 1996, but New York City residents continue to die of HIV. In 2003, 2,394 people with HIV or AIDS died of all causes, and approximately 1,700 deaths were due to HIV/AIDS. In 2002, HIV/AIDS was the leading cause of death in New Yorkers aged 35–44 and the third leading cause in those aged 25–34. Of the 88,479 PLWHA in New York City as of December 31, 2003, 65 percent were diagnosed with AIDS, and 35 percent were diagnosed with non-AIDS HIV. Sixty-nine percent were male, and 31 percent were female. In terms of race/ethnicity, 44 percent were Black, 32 percent were Hispanic, and 22 percent were White. For transmission risk factors, 27 percent (23,670) were men who have sex with men, 24 percent (21,453) had an injection drug use history, 18 percent reported a heterosexual transmission factor, 3 percent had a perinatal transmission risk factor, 1 percent had a transfusion history, and 28 percent had an unknown risk factor or were under investigation. In 2003, 4,086 New Yorkers were diagnosed with HIV; 1,029 (25 percent) first learned they were HIV-positive at the time they learned they had already progressed to AIDS. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, also has a surveillance of hepatitis C data. As of December 2004, EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE—New York City there were 15,129 newly reported individuals with a diagnosis date (or specimen collection date) in 2003. For 2002, that figure was 13,940. For inquiries concerning this report, please contact Rozanne Marel, Ph.D., Chief of Epidemiology, New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services, 501 7th Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, New York 10018, Phone: (646) 728-4605, Fax: (646) 728-4685, or E-mail: RozanneMarel@oasas.state.ny.us. Proceedings of the Community Epidemiology Work Group, Vol. II, January 2005 175
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NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE EP
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Foreword This publication includes
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EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUSE
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2 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABUS
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Epidemiology of Drug Abuse: CEWG Ar
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• The city of Atlanta has become
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In the first 6 months of 2004, trea
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eports (exhibit 2), while African-A
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population) than in 2002 (17.2 per
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16 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG ABU
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data from the Drug Abuse Warning Ne
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than age 18, compared to 4 percent
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More often than not, marijuana use
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Solomon, L.; Flynn, C.; Muck, K.; e
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• Logan International Airport and
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In 2002, heroin/morphine was indica
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The FY 2004 racial distribution for
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• Emergency department (ED) drug
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monly mentioned secondary drug amon
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Between 2001 and 2003, the Illinois
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In the NIHU Study, 20 percent of pa
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Ecstasy remained available in most
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66 and analyzed by the Division of
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ounce in the Denver metropolitan ar
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18 at the time of admission to trea
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Injecting had been the most common
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alcohol; 651 involved alcohol-in-co
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The economy in Hawai'i, after a dec
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Methamphetamine remains the leading
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methamphetamine, representing 76.5
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Of interest in this chart is the ag
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98 weighted DAWN data released by S
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A total of 5,425 cocaine arrests wa
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data, however, rising from 1.5 perc
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According to NDIC, California and M
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and 15 items were identified as pse
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most frequently reported secondary
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esidents are living with advanced H
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112 EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN DRUG AB
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(DAWN) that monitors emergency depa
Page 130 and 131: Beginning in 2003, SAMHSA’s natio
Page 132 and 133: 65 percent were older than 34. The
Page 134 and 135: the 1,198 drug abuse ED reports in
Page 136 and 137: “Crystal” or smokeable methamph
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Page 144 and 145: tion was injection (62.9 percent),
Page 146 and 147: included reports of ED cases involv
Page 152 and 153: From November 10 to 16, 2004, 18 me
Page 154 and 155: NFLIS between October 2003 and Sept
Page 156 and 157: from 12.2 percent in the first half
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Page 170 and 171: ground economy, it was estimated th
Page 172 and 173: According to street interviews, mos
Page 174 and 175: that crack sells for about $28,000-
Page 176 and 177: Benloton, X-man, 911, Lean Back, Se
Page 178 and 179: DAWN ME mentions for marijuana-invo
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Page 192 and 193: 2000 reported that the average hero
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Page 202 and 203: ADHS/DBHS reported that more than o
Page 204 and 205: Marijuana is widely available in Ar
Page 218 and 219: 212 2004. Data from 2000-2002 DAWN
Page 220 and 221: purity dropped to 14.4 percent in 2
Page 222 and 223: No recent GHB incidents or deaths w
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228 reports in drug-related visits;
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Marijuana Arrests for marijuana-rel
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positivity. UHS staff believe, on t
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236 are not estimates for the repor
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were evident. Excluding missing dat
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The characteristics of other opiate
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June 2004 (exhibit 6c). A minority
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Deaths involving depressants were a
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imipramine) are an older class of m
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The term “lag” refers to the pe
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costs $1,200-$1,500, compared with
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ties. In the DFW area, Mexican mari
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The 2004 secondary school survey re
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nio and two 2-ounce bottles cost $1
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age may be partially due to the fac
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York and Miami (Pach et al. 2002).
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In 2003, heroin was the primary sub
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opolitan Police Department report t
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International Report
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Among GTC patients, marijuana was t
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Others (63.8 percent) were using a
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Panel on Methamphetamine Abuse: NID
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Appendix A New Drug Abuse Warning N
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DAWN LIVE! The new DAWN includes ca
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Participant List National Institute
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Janie B. Dargan, M.S.W. Policy Anal
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Martin P. Paulus, M.D. Associate Pr
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