the syntax and semantics of relativization and quantification

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4.5.4.1 The relationship between external and internal heads
In this section I discuss an implication of the analysis I have outlined in the previous
section for the externally/internally headed pairs of relative clauses presented in
Section 4.5.3. Here I have repeated the initial relative clause data which we looked
at in examples (4.53) to (4.56).
• Argument heads (repeated from (4.53) and (4.54):
(4.79) [[Juan
Juan
t i
shuwa-shka]
steal-nm
‘the cow that Juan stole’
wagra]
cow
(IQ)
(4.80) [[Juan
Juan
wagra
cow
shuwa-shka]]
steal-nm
‘the cow that Juan stole’
(IQ)
• Adjunct heads (repeated from (4.55) and (4.56)):
(4.81) [[Juan
Juan
killka-shka]
write-nm
lapiz]
pen
‘the pen that Juan wrote with’
(4.82) [[Juan
Juan
lapiz-*(wan)
pen-instr
killka-shka]
write-nm
pro]
‘the pen that Juan wrote with’
(also: ‘the thing Juan wrote with the pen’)
(also, perhaps: ‘Juan who wrote with the pen’)
(IQ)
(IQ)
Although the pairs of argument and adjunct relative clauses look very similar,
under my analysis only the argument relativization pair is related by a raising analysis.
The adjunct relativizations in (4.81) and (4.82) may represent a gapless relative
and a relative in which the head is an external null pronominal. To elaborate briefly
on these last two ideas, I suggest that the structure of (4.81) is like that proposed
for Japanese gapless relatives in [Murasugi 2000], as in (4.83). This same idea was
discussed in the context of Cuzco Quechua in Section 3.4.3.