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the syntax and semantics of relativization and quantification

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174<br />

According to Freeze, <strong>the</strong>re is no overt preposition in (5.56) because <strong>the</strong> preposition<br />

has been incorporated into Infl, yielding <strong>the</strong> Spell-out “have” (=is+P).<br />

In fact, Russian seems to be an example <strong>of</strong> a language which overtly reveals <strong>the</strong><br />

parallel structures suggested in (5.55) <strong>and</strong> (5.56), as shown in (5.57).<br />

(5.57) U<br />

near<br />

menya<br />

me<br />

yest’<br />

is<br />

‘I have a book.’<br />

kniga<br />

book<br />

5.4.2.2 Kayne 1994<br />

As part <strong>of</strong> a general analysis <strong>of</strong> possessor constructions such as English “three books<br />

<strong>of</strong> John’s” <strong>and</strong> French “la voiture de Jean”, Kayne adopts an analysis in which such<br />

pre-possessor nominals are raised from a position below <strong>the</strong> possessor, ra<strong>the</strong>r than<br />

supposing that <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong> phrase is a complement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> head nominal. Specifically, he<br />

suggests <strong>the</strong> following structure for <strong>the</strong> French expression. (The D/P head is Kayne’s<br />

notation for a “prepositional determiner” which he describes as “comparable to a<br />

prepositional complementizer” (p.102)).<br />

(5.58) la [ D/PP [ NP voiture j ] [de [ IP Jean [I o [e] j ...]]]] (Kayne p103,84)<br />

For Kayne, <strong>the</strong> English example is essentially <strong>the</strong> same but <strong>the</strong> ’s is in I o . Now,<br />

Kayne suggests that ‘have’ constructions are derived from a structure which is similar<br />

to (5.58) but with empty D/P o head <strong>and</strong> instead <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> definite determiner la,<br />

it is <strong>the</strong> abstract copula BE which takes <strong>the</strong> D/PP as its complement. Specifically,<br />

he gives <strong>the</strong> following initial structure for ‘Jean a une voiture.’<br />

(5.59) ...BE[ D/PP [D/P o [ IP Jean [I o [voiture] j ...]]]] (Kayne p102,82)<br />

Here, Jean moves to [Spec,D/PP] <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>n to [Spec,BE], while D/P o is incorporated<br />

to BE. The overt form <strong>of</strong> ‘have’ is seen as <strong>the</strong> Spell-out <strong>of</strong> D/P o +BE. In this

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