university of nova gorica graduate school contested spaces and ...

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A long time ago, about 300 B.C., the first inhabitants lived by the sea. The area was called Meghalihora (big space) and its inhabitants were known as the Chaonians. They were wild people who ate raw fish. Sometime later these people moved to the hills because they were constantly threatened by pirates who came from the sea. The pirates were stealing women and material possessions. Therefore the first inhabitants were forced to move to the hills where they built houses from the stones collected in the mountains. This was around 12th or 13th Century A.D[…]. A similar story was recalled by a widower Nikola, who was born in 1921 in Dhërmi/Drimades. Nikola married within the village, where he lived for all his life. During the times of communism he worked as a shepherd in the village cooperative. Nowadays he lives alone in the house of his father that was rebuilt with the financial help of his three sons (one of them died a few years ago) in 2000. Nikola has seven children, among whom one lives in Dhërmi/Drimades and the rest in Greece. One August afternoon I met Nikola in front of his house. He was on his way to the village kafeneio, where he is a regular guest every morning and evening. Soon our chat evolved into a debate about the village and its people in the past. Nikola told me the following: In 600 B.C. people used to live down by the sea. They were autochthones who called their settlement Meghalihora. They had problems with pirates, therefore they moved to the hills, to somewhere where the small village of Ilias begins. Through generations they multiplied and moved to other places where they founded the villages that are a part of the Himara. At that time there were 56 villages, but because of the Turks only seven remained till the present time […]. The above mentioned accounts are just two of many which I had the opportunity to listen to and record during my stay in the village. Regardless of different biographical backgrounds of Spiros and Nikola, the main points of their stories are practically the same. Both describe the origin or the ethnogenesis of the people of Dhërmi/Drimades which they locate in the Big Space or Meghalihora where the life of people was supposedly harmonious. Spiros said that Meghalihora (today called Dhraleo) used to be settled by the Chaonians, one of the Epirote tribes whose origin represents an important part in debates and polemics of contemporary scholars. The contents of both stories put forth the ideas of primacy, autochthonism and homogeneity of the village people and describes their linear and continuous development throughout the centuries. While recounting the story of origin, Spiros and Nikola construct the place of their origin which they describe as big and spacious and as place of their belonging. After the resettlement of the “autochthonous” people from the coastal plains up to the hills the unity and spaciousness of the place diminished and gradually dispersed into many smaller places on 114
the hill. When the narrators place their stories in a specific time (3 th or 6 th century B.C.), they give them legitimacy upon which they equate these stories with other historiographical narratives. 2.2.2. Written Accounts In the following section I will discuss mainly the words published in the new millennium. Between 2000 and 2007, shaded by the political events such as the local, parliamentary and presidential elections in Albania, twenty-five books 64 along with numerous newspaper essays and polemics appeared in the press. When presenting these works I will especially focus on those which were most often commented or mentioned to me by the villagers. In 2006 some members of the Community of Himarë/Himara set up an Internet website (www.himara.eu). The website provides general information about the villages of Himarë/Himara and their history, offers tourist facilities and a possibility for blog discussion, and gives basic information about visa application for moving to USA. The information is given in three languages: Albanian, Greek and English. In 2001, before the parliamentary elections (on June 24 and repeated on August 19) took place, the local intellectuals of Qeparo, Pirro Polo and Natasha Sotiri, published their books discussing the history (Polo) and the language (Sotiri) of Qeparo and Himarë/Himara area. In the same year the history of Himarë/Himara town was published by Spiro Rusha, the father of Natasha Sotiri. In the year of the local elections in Himarë/Himara in 2003, when the Human 64 1. Andoni, Kleanthi (2001): Himara në breg të detit. Shtëpia Botuese Baça; 2. Rusha, Spiro (2001): Himara në stuhitë e shekujve. Shtëpia Botuese Arbri; 3. Nikollori, Aleks (2001): Dëshmoj për të vërtetën.Shtëpia Botuese Erik; 4. Polo, Pirro (2001): Qeparoi historik dhe turistik i kapedanëve. Shtëpia Botuese Dita; 5. Jahjaj, Idaje (2001): Kur çelnin shkronjat” të Shtëpia Botuese Toena; 5. Gjoni, Minella (2004): Se jam nga Bregdeti. Botimet Milosao; 6. Jahjaj, Idaje (2001): Shtatë detet e Himarës. Shtëpia Botuese Toena; 7. Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Himarës. Botimet Afërdita; 8. Pali, Janko Ll. (2003): Historia e Qeparoit. Shtëpia botuese Albin; 9. Bala, Nasho Pano (2003): Piluri –Ballkoni i Bregdetit; 10. Zeqo, Moikom (2003): Himara pa eklips. Botimet Floriment; 11. Memushaj, Rami (2004): Himara ne dritën e të dhënave historike, gjuhësore dhe etnollogjike. Toena; 12. Nasi, Lefter, Kristaq Prifti et.al. (2004): Himara në shekuj. Akademia e Shkencave; 13. Pali, Janko (2004): Feniksi i Himarës – Neço K. Muko. Botimet Albin; 14. Nina, Foto (2004): Dhrimadhes. Dhimiter, Athina; 15. Nasi, Lefter, Kristaq Prifti et.al. (2004): Himara në shekuj. Akademia e Shkencave; 16. Tatë, Leonidha Veno (2005): Identiteti himariot dhe ballkanik. Shtëpia Botuese Triptik; 17. Bixhili, Foto (2005): Jipet e Epirit – Hmariotët. Botimet Toena; 18. Bixhili, Foto (2005): Himara në optikën e Kohës.Botimet Toena; 19. Rusha, Spiro (2005): Qeparoi – Historia dhe kultura popullore. Shtëpia botuese Botimpex; 20. Frashëri, Kristo (2005): Himara dhe përkatësia etnike e Himariotëve. Botimet Toena; 21. (2006): Ndërtimi i te ardhmes se Himarës -Punimet e Konferencës PanHimariote. Botimet Flesh; 22. Bollano, Priamo (2006): Himara –Potencialet ekonomike dhe sfidat e Zhvillimit. Botimet Julvin; 23. Koçi, Jano (2006): Himara –arkeollogji, histori, kulturë – Himara sot. Gent-grafik; 24. Gjikopulli, Marko (2006): Historiku i shkollës Gjikë Bixhili i Dhërmiut; 25. Gjoni, Minella (2006): Bregdeti dhe Ali Pashë Tepelena. Botimet Milosao (here I am particularly gratefull to Kristaq Jorgji who provided me with this list of books). 115
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Contents ABSTRACT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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2.4.15. Communism (1945-1990) 163 2
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my PhD trai
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NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, PSEUDONYM
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Map of Albania (National Geographic
Page 14 and 15:
Dhërmi/Drimades (Foto: Daniela /ra
Page 16 and 17:
Therefore, it was definitely not co
Page 18 and 19:
and Leake (1967) who were similarly
Page 20 and 21:
iron door situated in the middle of
Page 22 and 23:
treated us warmly. “Days cannot b
Page 24 and 25:
what to say. My roaming mind was fu
Page 26 and 27:
INTRODUCTION I was led to the study
Page 28 and 29:
Many people of Dhërmi/Drimades tra
Page 30 and 31:
of production and the equally ratio
Page 32 and 33:
processes and practices of place ma
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Duijzings 2002: 60, Green, 2005: 14
Page 36 and 37:
Albanians or Vorioepirotes and Pont
Page 38 and 39:
Southern Albania and Epirus in Gree
Page 40 and 41:
Many scholars (Herzfeld 1991, Henry
Page 42 and 43:
What I would like to propose is tha
Page 44 and 45:
Himarë/Himara area (see Koçi 2006
Page 46 and 47:
Vuno is the next village extending
Page 48 and 49:
Annual Temperatures in Himarë/Hima
Page 50 and 51:
About a century later the second ha
Page 52 and 53:
mushroom-like bunkers were placed o
Page 54 and 55:
eported 23 . At Zrimazes I spent a
Page 56 and 57:
1.5.1. Shifting of the “Local”
Page 58 and 59:
elderly who stayed behind. Those wh
Page 60 and 61:
words that do not exist in Greek. A
Page 62 and 63:
paid to the constructors for their
Page 64 and 65: different. When explaining these di
Page 66 and 67: “autochthonous” inhabitants, wh
Page 68 and 69: when the lessons stopped being held
Page 70 and 71: names of the official institutions
Page 72 and 73: were not allowed to perform any of
Page 74 and 75: 1.7.3. Religion and Everyday Practi
Page 76 and 77: Several elderly women respect the f
Page 78 and 79: 1.8. Population: Shifting Numbers U
Page 80 and 81: communism when they lived in places
Page 82 and 83: the Albanian statistics took into a
Page 84 and 85: household (ikos or spiti) with the
Page 86 and 87: Figure 3: Family. The underlined wo
Page 88 and 89: they live in separate locations in
Page 90 and 91: Figure 5. Part of a sketch-map of Z
Page 92 and 93: On several occasions the local peop
Page 94 and 95: longer played a significant part in
Page 96 and 97: heir he inherited everything whilst
Page 98 and 99: 7501), amend the Law on restitution
Page 100 and 101: After the demise of communism all c
Page 102 and 103: we learn about the village’s plac
Page 104 and 105: Chapter Two CONTESTED HISTORIES [
Page 106 and 107: traces often reflect the ongoing hi
Page 108 and 109: Millets were led by the Orthodox pa
Page 110 and 111: the revolt that took place in the v
Page 112 and 113: Sievers suggests that in contempora
Page 116 and 117: Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për
Page 118 and 119: presented abstracts of their essays
Page 120 and 121: of the people living in Himarë/Him
Page 122 and 123: Regardless of the difference in the
Page 124 and 125: of the Balkan Peninsula” (2001: 1
Page 126 and 127: Winnifrith writes about the period
Page 128 and 129: Considering the names such as Lek,
Page 130 and 131: Therefore they stayed devoted to Al
Page 132 and 133: September when the Ottomans ceased
Page 134 and 135: Zamputi and Pulaha 1990: 399). A Br
Page 136 and 137: autonomous, he was disliked by the
Page 138 and 139: some glean detailed accounts of the
Page 140 and 141: from Vlorë and Delvina, above the
Page 142 and 143: another scholar who writes that the
Page 144 and 145: wouldn’t have any influence. Desp
Page 146 and 147: Spyro Spyromilos) as the liberator
Page 148 and 149: Italian and Greek interests led int
Page 150 and 151: Çami too, describes Spiro Koleka a
Page 152 and 153: the period of national movements th
Page 154 and 155: Moreover, Rusha continues that both
Page 156 and 157: The religious distinctions that wer
Page 158 and 159: Whereas the local authors comment o
Page 160 and 161: After 1943 when the Italian militar
Page 162 and 163: Besides Himarë/Himara area the Gre
Page 164 and 165:
Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR
Page 166 and 167:
But from the view of a particular l
Page 168 and 169:
and contacts between people and pla
Page 170 and 171:
The “underlying trope of movement
Page 172 and 173:
map them, because they can do that
Page 174 and 175:
her husband did not immigrate to Gr
Page 176 and 177:
ealised what sort of poverty could
Page 178 and 179:
very good to me and they have never
Page 180 and 181:
collectivized or nationalized all p
Page 182 and 183:
from the hills in the neighbourhood
Page 184 and 185:
in economical and social sense, whi
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 12: Paths and places from th
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 14: Paths and places from th
Page 190 and 191:
This constant reconstruction is tro
Page 192 and 193:
In one of her well-known works Puri
Page 194 and 195:
and a night club. The majority of l
Page 196 and 197:
seasonal workers in the spring. Sim
Page 198 and 199:
Upon the arrival of young Dimitris,
Page 200 and 201:
No, you are wrong! First comes Gram
Page 202 and 203:
the spatial differentiation of the
Page 204 and 205:
since ever”, even before the nati
Page 206 and 207:
Anastas, whose parents originate fr
Page 208 and 209:
We really enjoy our visits to the v
Page 210 and 211:
Dirt and rubbish have history. As i
Page 212 and 213:
Together they define the meaning of
Page 214 and 215:
CONCLUSION Complexity is intrinsic
Page 216 and 217:
with their movements, story-telling
Page 218 and 219:
Silent Stories of Communism Histori
Page 220 and 221:
inevitable or predefined, as some a
Page 222 and 223:
manipulate ideological divisions of
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 2 Himarë/Himara municipal
Page 226 and 227:
Appendix 4 Number of Population in
Page 228 and 229:
No. of the population in Vuno and I
Page 230 and 231:
Appendix 5 LAW no. 7501, dated July
Page 232 and 233:
Article 9 The Cadastral Office in e
Page 234 and 235:
Article 21 Agencies of local govern
Page 236 and 237:
Article 26 Law no. 5686, dated Feb.
Page 238 and 239:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Albanian coastal zone
Page 240 and 241:
Cowan, Jane K. (1991). Going Out fo
Page 242 and 243:
Gjipali, Ilir (2004). Kërkime arke
Page 244 and 245:
Ingold, Tim (1996). Social Relation
Page 246 and 247:
Lubonja, Fatos (2002). Between the
Page 248 and 249:
Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Him
Page 250 and 251:
Wagner, Roy (1991). The Fractal Per
Page 252 and 253:
ekonomske, družbene in politične
Page 254 and 255:
prostora. Ko lokalni prebivalci, na
Page 256 and 257:
degradacije in erozije zemlje na te
Page 258 and 259:
Poglavje predstavi dela sodobnih zg
Page 260 and 261:
prebivalcev Albanije. Po padcu komu
Page 262 and 263:
Namesto krajev v Albaniji, pripoved
Page 264 and 265:
in redefinirajo identiteto, na teme
Page 266 and 267:
Naloga prikazuje, kako so pomeni po
Page 268 and 269:
Premakljivost in spremenljivost gre
Page 270 and 271:
Grčijo, Italijo in drugam, manjši
Page 272 and 273:
prepovedan. Obdobje komunizma je bi
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