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in redefinirajo identiteto, na temelju njihovih povezav ali “srečanj” z ostalimi ljudmi na obali. Lokalni lastniki, prišleki, izseljenci in turisti potemtakem rekonfigurirajo razlike med “nami” kot tistimi, ki “spadajo” v kraj in “drugimi”, ki so “zunaj” njega. Prešitje razlik je točka njihove začasne identifikacije, ki jim omogoča delovanje v kraju. Razlike med tistimi, ki “spadajo” v kraj in drugimi, ki so “zunaj” njega ne temeljijo le na skupinski zavesti oz. namišljeni identiteti, temveč so tudi posledica strukturnih odnosov moči in neenakosti. Zaradi tega me ne zanimajo le medsebojni odnosi in razlikovanja med posamezniki, pač pa tudi strukturni odnosi moči, ki se vzpostavljajo med njimi in vodijo v produkcijo razlik in hkrati enakosti. Četrto poglavje ilustrira, kako debate in pogajanja o smeteh ter njihovem odstranjevanju temeljijo na interakcijah posameznikov skozi katere konstruirajo razlike ter razmejevanja, ki včasih vodijo nasprotovanja med lokalnimi prebivalci, izseljenci, sezonskimi delavci, albanskimi in tujimi turisti. Imenovana družbena razmejevanja so konstruirana vzporedno s prostorskimi. Oba načina razmejevanj definirata pomen turistične obale v Dhërmiju/Drimadesu, ki je razdeljena na severni in južni del. Medtem ko severni del, ki vodi proti Albaniji večinoma združuje lastnike turističnih storitev in turiste iz Albanije ter tujine, južni del, ki vodi proti Grčiji, združuje lokalne lastnike in izseljence. Enaka prostorska razmejevanja se vzpostavljajo tudi skozi nenehne debate o tem, kdo je “zunaj” kraja in kdo “iz” njega ali bolje, kdo je tujec in ne pripada obali in kdo je lokalec in pripada obali Dhërmija/Drimadesa. Nenehno prostorsko in lokalno rekonfiguriranje obale Dhërmija/Drimadesa nakazuje, da kategorije “turistični kraj”, “turizem”, “turisti” in “lokalci” niso natančno definirane in nespremenljive, temveč so vzpostavljene relacijsko. Namreč v določenem zgodovinskem, političnem, ekonomskem, družbenem, kulturnem in naključnostnem kontekstu se posamezniki neprestano pogajajo in premikajo njihove pomene in razmejevanja med njimi. Domačini, turisti, izseljenci in drugi – v prepirih glede (ne)odgovornosti za smeti in odpadke – izražajo težnje in pogajanja o tem, kdo je “iz” oziroma “znotraj” kraja in kdo je “zunaj” njega. V skladu z argumentom, predstavljenim v uvodnem delu, je obala vasi področje, kjer debate in pogajanja glede smeti konstruirajo pomen turizma in opredeljujejo vas kot turistični kraj, kamor posamezniki, med katerimi prevladujejo izseljenci, ki so se vrnili in ki izhajajo iz Dhërmija/Drimadesa, umeščajo svojo pripadnost in lokalnost. 264
Podobno kot pripovedovanja zgodb, ki opisujejejo potovanja prednikov preko morja in gora, tudi nenehna pogajanja in nasprotovanja o smeteh in njihovi odstranitvi kažejo, kako je pozicija vasi vzpostavljena glede na prostorsko hierarhijo in kako je prostorska hierarhija vzpostavljena glede na pozicijo vasi. Različna administrativna, politična in ekonomska razmejevanja ljudi in krajev so vplivala na življenje ljudi v vasi in okolici. Ljudje so skozi svoje življenjske prakse, v okviru birokratskih norm nadalje reproducirali imenovana razmejevanja. Po razpadu komunizma, ko je albansko-grška državna meja postala ponovno prehodna in ko so se porajala množična izseljevanja, razmejevanja niso temeljila le na nacionalnih razlikovanjih, temveč tudi na ekonomskih in infrastrukturnih razlikah med obema državama. Razlike so se porajale skozi življenjske prakse posameznikov, ki so naseljevali obmejni del Albanije kot tudi Grčije. Greenova (2005: 228) zapiše, da odkar je bila Albanija del komunizma, Grčija pa ne, je bila slednja za obmejne prebivalce obeh strani, aksiomatično pojmovana kot bolj “zahodna” v primerjavi z Albanijo. Povezava med “modernizacijo”, “zahodnjaštvom” in kapitalizmom, ki se aksiomatično vzpostavlja v razliki do “drugega”, vodi v “splošno” prepričanje prebivalcev obmejnega področja, da je Grčija bolj “moderna” kot Albanija. Omenjena razmejevanja med “moderno” Grčijo in “nerazvito” Albanijo so tudi razvidna iz posameznih vsebin prepirov in pogajanj o smeteh na vaški obali. Na temelju tovrstnih razmejevanj lastniki turističnih storitev, izseljenci, sezonski delavci in drugi turisti vzpostavljajo prostorsko hierarhijo, ki neprestano določa in pozicijo Dhërmija/Drimadesa in oblikuje posameznikovo identifikacijo. V zaključku sklenem, da pomeni niso odvisni le od zgodovinskih in političnih obdobij, družbenih odnosov in posameznikove samoidentifikacije znotraj njih. Raznoliki pomeni prostora in kraja so tudi odvisni od erozivnost terena, “razgibane” topografije, dvoumnih demografskih podatkov, številnih različic imen, spornih zgodovinopisij, izraženih in potlačenih spominov ljudi, vsakdanjih praks in pogostih gibanj ter selitev, ki različno kartirajo vaški prostor in vzpostavljajo kompleksnost in dvoumja njegovega pomena. Lokalni prebivalci, zgodovinopisci, demografi, geomorfologi, pravniki in politiki poskušajo razvozlati kompleksnost in “pripeti” dvoumja na “trdna tla” ter jih opredeliti kot enopomenska “dejstva”. 265
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Contents ABSTRACT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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2.4.15. Communism (1945-1990) 163 2
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my PhD trai
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NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, PSEUDONYM
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Map of Albania (National Geographic
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Dhërmi/Drimades (Foto: Daniela /ra
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Therefore, it was definitely not co
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and Leake (1967) who were similarly
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iron door situated in the middle of
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treated us warmly. “Days cannot b
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what to say. My roaming mind was fu
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INTRODUCTION I was led to the study
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Many people of Dhërmi/Drimades tra
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of production and the equally ratio
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processes and practices of place ma
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Duijzings 2002: 60, Green, 2005: 14
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Albanians or Vorioepirotes and Pont
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Southern Albania and Epirus in Gree
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Many scholars (Herzfeld 1991, Henry
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What I would like to propose is tha
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Himarë/Himara area (see Koçi 2006
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Vuno is the next village extending
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Annual Temperatures in Himarë/Hima
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About a century later the second ha
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mushroom-like bunkers were placed o
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eported 23 . At Zrimazes I spent a
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1.5.1. Shifting of the “Local”
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elderly who stayed behind. Those wh
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words that do not exist in Greek. A
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paid to the constructors for their
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different. When explaining these di
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“autochthonous” inhabitants, wh
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when the lessons stopped being held
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names of the official institutions
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were not allowed to perform any of
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1.7.3. Religion and Everyday Practi
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Several elderly women respect the f
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1.8. Population: Shifting Numbers U
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communism when they lived in places
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the Albanian statistics took into a
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household (ikos or spiti) with the
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Figure 3: Family. The underlined wo
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they live in separate locations in
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Figure 5. Part of a sketch-map of Z
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On several occasions the local peop
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longer played a significant part in
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heir he inherited everything whilst
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7501), amend the Law on restitution
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After the demise of communism all c
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we learn about the village’s plac
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Chapter Two CONTESTED HISTORIES [
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traces often reflect the ongoing hi
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Millets were led by the Orthodox pa
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the revolt that took place in the v
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Sievers suggests that in contempora
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A long time ago, about 300 B.C., th
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Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për
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presented abstracts of their essays
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of the people living in Himarë/Him
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Regardless of the difference in the
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of the Balkan Peninsula” (2001: 1
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Winnifrith writes about the period
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Considering the names such as Lek,
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Therefore they stayed devoted to Al
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September when the Ottomans ceased
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Zamputi and Pulaha 1990: 399). A Br
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autonomous, he was disliked by the
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some glean detailed accounts of the
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from Vlorë and Delvina, above the
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another scholar who writes that the
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wouldn’t have any influence. Desp
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Spyro Spyromilos) as the liberator
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Italian and Greek interests led int
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Çami too, describes Spiro Koleka a
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the period of national movements th
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Moreover, Rusha continues that both
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The religious distinctions that wer
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Whereas the local authors comment o
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After 1943 when the Italian militar
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Besides Himarë/Himara area the Gre
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Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR
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But from the view of a particular l
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and contacts between people and pla
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The “underlying trope of movement
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map them, because they can do that
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her husband did not immigrate to Gr
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ealised what sort of poverty could
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very good to me and they have never
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collectivized or nationalized all p
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from the hills in the neighbourhood
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in economical and social sense, whi
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Figure 12: Paths and places from th
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Figure 14: Paths and places from th
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This constant reconstruction is tro
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In one of her well-known works Puri
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and a night club. The majority of l
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seasonal workers in the spring. Sim
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Upon the arrival of young Dimitris,
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No, you are wrong! First comes Gram
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the spatial differentiation of the
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since ever”, even before the nati
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Anastas, whose parents originate fr
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We really enjoy our visits to the v
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Dirt and rubbish have history. As i
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Together they define the meaning of
Page 214 and 215: CONCLUSION Complexity is intrinsic
Page 216 and 217: with their movements, story-telling
Page 218 and 219: Silent Stories of Communism Histori
Page 220 and 221: inevitable or predefined, as some a
Page 222 and 223: manipulate ideological divisions of
Page 224 and 225: Appendix 2 Himarë/Himara municipal
Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Number of Population in
Page 228 and 229: No. of the population in Vuno and I
Page 230 and 231: Appendix 5 LAW no. 7501, dated July
Page 232 and 233: Article 9 The Cadastral Office in e
Page 234 and 235: Article 21 Agencies of local govern
Page 236 and 237: Article 26 Law no. 5686, dated Feb.
Page 238 and 239: BIBLIOGRAPHY Albanian coastal zone
Page 240 and 241: Cowan, Jane K. (1991). Going Out fo
Page 242 and 243: Gjipali, Ilir (2004). Kërkime arke
Page 244 and 245: Ingold, Tim (1996). Social Relation
Page 246 and 247: Lubonja, Fatos (2002). Between the
Page 248 and 249: Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Him
Page 250 and 251: Wagner, Roy (1991). The Fractal Per
Page 252 and 253: ekonomske, družbene in politične
Page 254 and 255: prostora. Ko lokalni prebivalci, na
Page 256 and 257: degradacije in erozije zemlje na te
Page 258 and 259: Poglavje predstavi dela sodobnih zg
Page 260 and 261: prebivalcev Albanije. Po padcu komu
Page 262 and 263: Namesto krajev v Albaniji, pripoved
Page 266 and 267: Naloga prikazuje, kako so pomeni po
Page 268 and 269: Premakljivost in spremenljivost gre
Page 270 and 271: Grčijo, Italijo in drugam, manjši
Page 272 and 273: prepovedan. Obdobje komunizma je bi
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