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On several occasions the local people could not even recall the name of their çeta/varka. Among 86 ikoyenia/familje of the central hamlet, by which I spoke with at least one member, representatives of 40 ikoyenia/familje could recall the name of their çeta/varka, representatives of 41 ikoyenia/familje could recall only the names of soi/fis grouped in their çeta/varka, while they could not recall its name. Only representatives of 5 ikoyenia/familje have never heard for the term. While asking about the names of çeta/varka 7 names were mentioned, namely: Muçulkates, Koknates or Kokdedates or Thodorkoknates, Buates, Draknates, Alades and Gjiknates. When people tried to classify their soi/fis in a particular çeta/varka, they were often not united in their opinions. They could not agree which soi/fis belongs to a particular çeta/varka. Therefore it seems that this kind of social group does not represent an important part of the village organisation anymore. The claim about the exogamy of çeta/varka seems to be a rhetorical one, because numerous villagers cannot recall the name of çeta/varka or the names of soia/fise, which compose it. Considering that, the exogamy is probably hardly being performed at all in the village practice. In other villages of Himarë/Himara area like Palasa and Qeparo, the term çeta does not even appear in local discourse. When asked about çeta/varka, the majority of people from Palasa never heard about it, while only four of them (4 villagers of 51) recalled the name of çeta/varka of their own soi/fis. Slightly different situation was in Qeparo, where the villagers used the term mëhalla (the word derives from a Turkish word, which means a neighbourhood) instead of çeta/varka. According to their explanations, the meaning of mëhalla is similar to that of çeta/varka. Some of the villagers from Qeparo explained that mëhalla was formed in times when Ottomans tried to conquer the villages of Himarë/Himara area for several times. It is said that different soia/fise that lived in vicinity joined together and formed mëhalla. 92
Figure 7. Çeta/varka Muçulkates The size of the circle indicates the number of soia/fise and the length of çeta/varka. The names listed within the circle indicate particular soi/fis. The numbers in the brackets standing next to the names of soi/fis indicate the order of precedence according to which the individual listed the names of soia/fise. The Figure 7. illustrates the names of particular soi/fis that belong to çeta/varka Muçulkates according to local people’s testimonies (T. Jorgji, F. Zaho, P. Dhima, L. Shkurti and Z. Beli). I spoke with the people listed above between the years 2004 and 2005. They listed different numbers and partly also different names of soia/fise. Only two names, Muço and Beli, were recalled by all of them. This illustrates that villagers are not united in their knowledge about which soia/fise form parts of particular çeta/varka. The numbers in brackets indicate the order of precedence of particular soia/fise. Among the first names the villagers recalled were the names of their own soia/fise, or the one carrying the prefix of the Muçulkates çeta/varka, or the one called Beli soia/fise. T. Jorgji, who listed 6 soia/fise and L. Shkurti, who counted 4 of them, firstly recalled Muço soia/fise, secondly their own one and thirdly Beli soia/fise. F. Zaho recounted 7 soia/fise too. The first one was his own, the second Muço and the third Beli soia/fise. P. Dhima, who recalled 5 soia/fise, also listed his own soia/fise first, followed by Beli, Shkurti and Muço. Finally Z. Beli recalled 3 soia/fise with the first one being her own, the second Muço and the last Gjoka. The given cases illustrate how villagers have forgotten which particular of soia/fise form constitute a particular çeta/varka. It seems that during 45 years of communism, which promoted homogenization of all the citizens of Albania, some kinship and social terms no 93
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Contents ABSTRACT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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2.4.15. Communism (1945-1990) 163 2
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my PhD trai
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NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, PSEUDONYM
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Map of Albania (National Geographic
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Dhërmi/Drimades (Foto: Daniela /ra
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Therefore, it was definitely not co
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and Leake (1967) who were similarly
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iron door situated in the middle of
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treated us warmly. “Days cannot b
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what to say. My roaming mind was fu
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INTRODUCTION I was led to the study
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Many people of Dhërmi/Drimades tra
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of production and the equally ratio
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processes and practices of place ma
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Duijzings 2002: 60, Green, 2005: 14
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Albanians or Vorioepirotes and Pont
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Southern Albania and Epirus in Gree
Page 40 and 41:
Many scholars (Herzfeld 1991, Henry
Page 42 and 43: What I would like to propose is tha
Page 44 and 45: Himarë/Himara area (see Koçi 2006
Page 46 and 47: Vuno is the next village extending
Page 48 and 49: Annual Temperatures in Himarë/Hima
Page 50 and 51: About a century later the second ha
Page 52 and 53: mushroom-like bunkers were placed o
Page 54 and 55: eported 23 . At Zrimazes I spent a
Page 56 and 57: 1.5.1. Shifting of the “Local”
Page 58 and 59: elderly who stayed behind. Those wh
Page 60 and 61: words that do not exist in Greek. A
Page 62 and 63: paid to the constructors for their
Page 64 and 65: different. When explaining these di
Page 66 and 67: “autochthonous” inhabitants, wh
Page 68 and 69: when the lessons stopped being held
Page 70 and 71: names of the official institutions
Page 72 and 73: were not allowed to perform any of
Page 74 and 75: 1.7.3. Religion and Everyday Practi
Page 76 and 77: Several elderly women respect the f
Page 78 and 79: 1.8. Population: Shifting Numbers U
Page 80 and 81: communism when they lived in places
Page 82 and 83: the Albanian statistics took into a
Page 84 and 85: household (ikos or spiti) with the
Page 86 and 87: Figure 3: Family. The underlined wo
Page 88 and 89: they live in separate locations in
Page 90 and 91: Figure 5. Part of a sketch-map of Z
Page 94 and 95: longer played a significant part in
Page 96 and 97: heir he inherited everything whilst
Page 98 and 99: 7501), amend the Law on restitution
Page 100 and 101: After the demise of communism all c
Page 102 and 103: we learn about the village’s plac
Page 104 and 105: Chapter Two CONTESTED HISTORIES [
Page 106 and 107: traces often reflect the ongoing hi
Page 108 and 109: Millets were led by the Orthodox pa
Page 110 and 111: the revolt that took place in the v
Page 112 and 113: Sievers suggests that in contempora
Page 114 and 115: A long time ago, about 300 B.C., th
Page 116 and 117: Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për
Page 118 and 119: presented abstracts of their essays
Page 120 and 121: of the people living in Himarë/Him
Page 122 and 123: Regardless of the difference in the
Page 124 and 125: of the Balkan Peninsula” (2001: 1
Page 126 and 127: Winnifrith writes about the period
Page 128 and 129: Considering the names such as Lek,
Page 130 and 131: Therefore they stayed devoted to Al
Page 132 and 133: September when the Ottomans ceased
Page 134 and 135: Zamputi and Pulaha 1990: 399). A Br
Page 136 and 137: autonomous, he was disliked by the
Page 138 and 139: some glean detailed accounts of the
Page 140 and 141: from Vlorë and Delvina, above the
Page 142 and 143:
another scholar who writes that the
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wouldn’t have any influence. Desp
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Spyro Spyromilos) as the liberator
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Italian and Greek interests led int
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Çami too, describes Spiro Koleka a
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the period of national movements th
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Moreover, Rusha continues that both
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The religious distinctions that wer
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Whereas the local authors comment o
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After 1943 when the Italian militar
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Besides Himarë/Himara area the Gre
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Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR
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But from the view of a particular l
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and contacts between people and pla
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The “underlying trope of movement
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map them, because they can do that
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her husband did not immigrate to Gr
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ealised what sort of poverty could
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very good to me and they have never
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collectivized or nationalized all p
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from the hills in the neighbourhood
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in economical and social sense, whi
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Figure 12: Paths and places from th
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 14: Paths and places from th
Page 190 and 191:
This constant reconstruction is tro
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In one of her well-known works Puri
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and a night club. The majority of l
Page 196 and 197:
seasonal workers in the spring. Sim
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Upon the arrival of young Dimitris,
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No, you are wrong! First comes Gram
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the spatial differentiation of the
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since ever”, even before the nati
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Anastas, whose parents originate fr
Page 208 and 209:
We really enjoy our visits to the v
Page 210 and 211:
Dirt and rubbish have history. As i
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Together they define the meaning of
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CONCLUSION Complexity is intrinsic
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with their movements, story-telling
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Silent Stories of Communism Histori
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inevitable or predefined, as some a
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manipulate ideological divisions of
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 2 Himarë/Himara municipal
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Appendix 4 Number of Population in
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No. of the population in Vuno and I
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Appendix 5 LAW no. 7501, dated July
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Article 9 The Cadastral Office in e
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Article 21 Agencies of local govern
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Article 26 Law no. 5686, dated Feb.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Albanian coastal zone
Page 240 and 241:
Cowan, Jane K. (1991). Going Out fo
Page 242 and 243:
Gjipali, Ilir (2004). Kërkime arke
Page 244 and 245:
Ingold, Tim (1996). Social Relation
Page 246 and 247:
Lubonja, Fatos (2002). Between the
Page 248 and 249:
Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Him
Page 250 and 251:
Wagner, Roy (1991). The Fractal Per
Page 252 and 253:
ekonomske, družbene in politične
Page 254 and 255:
prostora. Ko lokalni prebivalci, na
Page 256 and 257:
degradacije in erozije zemlje na te
Page 258 and 259:
Poglavje predstavi dela sodobnih zg
Page 260 and 261:
prebivalcev Albanije. Po padcu komu
Page 262 and 263:
Namesto krajev v Albaniji, pripoved
Page 264 and 265:
in redefinirajo identiteto, na teme
Page 266 and 267:
Naloga prikazuje, kako so pomeni po
Page 268 and 269:
Premakljivost in spremenljivost gre
Page 270 and 271:
Grčijo, Italijo in drugam, manjši
Page 272 and 273:
prepovedan. Obdobje komunizma je bi
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