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“autochthonous” inhabitants, who primarily dwelled on the coastal plains of Meghalihora. Albanian language was according to this account introduced around 17 th or 18 th century, when some of the inhabitants of Kurvelesh moved to what is nowadays known as the Himarë/Himara area (see Dede 1978, Rusha 2001 and Koçi 2006). In order to support their presumptions, many scholars of pro-Albanian as well as pro-Greek orientation turned their attention to questions about the “first civilization” which is believed to have inhabited the southern coast. Thus the question on Illyrians and Epirotes weaves the debates of numerous scholars. Those who are in favour of pro-Albanian interpretations argue that this first civilization were Illyrians, who are reckoned to be the predecessors of later “civilization” and those in favour of pro-Greek interpretations promulgate the idea of Epirote tribes being the predecessors of the Greek “civilization”. British historian Winnifrith rejects both explanations in his work Badlands – Borderlands, a History of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania: We are left with the vexed question as to what language these Epirote tribes spoke. Greek scholars, followed by the most people in the West, would have them speaking Greek in spite of Thucydides and Strabo. Albanian scholars would have them speaking Illyrian in spite of Strabo’s careful distinction. Thanks to Greek colonies on the coast and to Illyrian influence on the north, some Epirotes probably spoke Greek or Illyrian or both. It is not uncommon in the Balkans to find people fluent in two or three languages, especially in Southern Albania […]. But the bilingual speakers were clearly a rare category, and it is more likely that the distinguishing mark of an Epirote was not that he spoke Greek and Illyrian but that he spoke neither (Winnifrith 2002: 47-48). Furthermore, Winnifrith notices that Illyrian and Epirot tribes also continuously shifted places where they dwelled and through which they travelled. Both the historical studies of those languages that date back to the first century and historical geography based on different measures due to different technology (no aerial photography, satellite shots etc.) and different mapping 33 systems are grounded on primordial and static nature. Winnifrith gives a neutral opinion again by suggesting that the speech of the ancient people who inhabited Himarë/Himara area has been difficult to draw. As one neutral observer has put it, there is a little evidence for the speech of the ancient Epirotes, […], but there has been a great deal of chauvinist propaganda, both ancient and modern. Such chauvinism flies in the face of writers like Thucydides, who says that the Epirotes are barbarians, and Strabo who distinguishes Epirotes from both Greeks and Illyrians. Regrettably such chauvinism continues in the history of next 33 For example Winnifrith refers to the English historians Leake and Hammond who wrongly mapped Amantio and Antigoneo, important cities of antiquity (Winnifrith 2002: 33). 66
centuries, when the quantity, but not the quality of evidence suddenly increases (Winnifrith 2002: 49). A need to rewrite history appeared in the post communist Albania too. Within this discourse numerous scholars are trying to solve the dilemma of the first language in Dhërmi/Drimades and the rest of the villages in the Himarë/Himara area. This seems to be particularly evident during important political moments such as local or national elections. For example, before and after local elections in 2002 and national elections in 2005, several works were published, written by local intellectuals and “national” historians, with different aims but similar arguments trying to explain the theory of the “first” language and objective history of Dhërmi/Drimades and Himarë/Himara area (see local intellectuals of Dhërmi/Drimades Bixhili 2004, Jorgji 2006, Gjikopulli and Prifti 2006; of Qeparo Rusha 2002, Sotiri 2001 and 2004, Koçi 2006 34 ; and “national” historians Memushaj 2003, Frashëri 2005, Nasi, Prifti, Onuzi and Duka 2004). 1.6.2. Language and Education Besides opposing views, the authors listed above also have some common ones. One of them refers to education. The scholars defending pro-Albanian issues see education as one of the agents that introduced and consolidated the Greek language among the people living in Dhërmi/Drimades as well as in Himarë/Himara area. The scholars defending pro-Greek issues, however, claim that education only strengthened the Greek language which was “already in place”. In spite of these differences in opinions, both sides agree that the first school of Himarë/Himara area was initiated by the Bazilian missionary Neofit Rodino, whose lessons in 1627 were held in Greek language. Some years later the school was closed down and reopened again in 1633 – this time not only in Himarë/Himara, but also in Dhërmi/Drimades and later in Palasa in 1663 (see Sotiri 2004, Jorgji 2006, Gjikopulli and Prifti 2006). From there on, with some pauses during the following years, the Greek lessons intended only for boys were held till 1760. At the beginning these lessons took place in the Church of St. Thanas. In 1850 they were moved to a new school situated close to the village road, which by now became the main coastal road. Scholars do not agree about the dates 34 Let me expose here that though the mentioned authors originate from Himarë/Himara area, they differ in opinions. Whilst Dede (1978) and Gjikopulli (2006) stand on the pro-Greek side, Bixhili (2004) mainly supports pro-Albanian side. In contrast to them Sotiri (2001, 2004) and Rusha (2002, stand between both interpretations, followed by Koçi (2006) and Jorgji (2006) who introduce a novel idea of local distinctivity. 67
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Contents ABSTRACT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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2.4.15. Communism (1945-1990) 163 2
Page 8 and 9:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my PhD trai
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NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, PSEUDONYM
Page 12 and 13:
Map of Albania (National Geographic
Page 14 and 15:
Dhërmi/Drimades (Foto: Daniela /ra
Page 16 and 17: Therefore, it was definitely not co
Page 18 and 19: and Leake (1967) who were similarly
Page 20 and 21: iron door situated in the middle of
Page 22 and 23: treated us warmly. “Days cannot b
Page 24 and 25: what to say. My roaming mind was fu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION I was led to the study
Page 28 and 29: Many people of Dhërmi/Drimades tra
Page 30 and 31: of production and the equally ratio
Page 32 and 33: processes and practices of place ma
Page 34 and 35: Duijzings 2002: 60, Green, 2005: 14
Page 36 and 37: Albanians or Vorioepirotes and Pont
Page 38 and 39: Southern Albania and Epirus in Gree
Page 40 and 41: Many scholars (Herzfeld 1991, Henry
Page 42 and 43: What I would like to propose is tha
Page 44 and 45: Himarë/Himara area (see Koçi 2006
Page 46 and 47: Vuno is the next village extending
Page 48 and 49: Annual Temperatures in Himarë/Hima
Page 50 and 51: About a century later the second ha
Page 52 and 53: mushroom-like bunkers were placed o
Page 54 and 55: eported 23 . At Zrimazes I spent a
Page 56 and 57: 1.5.1. Shifting of the “Local”
Page 58 and 59: elderly who stayed behind. Those wh
Page 60 and 61: words that do not exist in Greek. A
Page 62 and 63: paid to the constructors for their
Page 64 and 65: different. When explaining these di
Page 68 and 69: when the lessons stopped being held
Page 70 and 71: names of the official institutions
Page 72 and 73: were not allowed to perform any of
Page 74 and 75: 1.7.3. Religion and Everyday Practi
Page 76 and 77: Several elderly women respect the f
Page 78 and 79: 1.8. Population: Shifting Numbers U
Page 80 and 81: communism when they lived in places
Page 82 and 83: the Albanian statistics took into a
Page 84 and 85: household (ikos or spiti) with the
Page 86 and 87: Figure 3: Family. The underlined wo
Page 88 and 89: they live in separate locations in
Page 90 and 91: Figure 5. Part of a sketch-map of Z
Page 92 and 93: On several occasions the local peop
Page 94 and 95: longer played a significant part in
Page 96 and 97: heir he inherited everything whilst
Page 98 and 99: 7501), amend the Law on restitution
Page 100 and 101: After the demise of communism all c
Page 102 and 103: we learn about the village’s plac
Page 104 and 105: Chapter Two CONTESTED HISTORIES [
Page 106 and 107: traces often reflect the ongoing hi
Page 108 and 109: Millets were led by the Orthodox pa
Page 110 and 111: the revolt that took place in the v
Page 112 and 113: Sievers suggests that in contempora
Page 114 and 115: A long time ago, about 300 B.C., th
Page 116 and 117:
Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për
Page 118 and 119:
presented abstracts of their essays
Page 120 and 121:
of the people living in Himarë/Him
Page 122 and 123:
Regardless of the difference in the
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of the Balkan Peninsula” (2001: 1
Page 126 and 127:
Winnifrith writes about the period
Page 128 and 129:
Considering the names such as Lek,
Page 130 and 131:
Therefore they stayed devoted to Al
Page 132 and 133:
September when the Ottomans ceased
Page 134 and 135:
Zamputi and Pulaha 1990: 399). A Br
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autonomous, he was disliked by the
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some glean detailed accounts of the
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from Vlorë and Delvina, above the
Page 142 and 143:
another scholar who writes that the
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wouldn’t have any influence. Desp
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Spyro Spyromilos) as the liberator
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Italian and Greek interests led int
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Çami too, describes Spiro Koleka a
Page 152 and 153:
the period of national movements th
Page 154 and 155:
Moreover, Rusha continues that both
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The religious distinctions that wer
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Whereas the local authors comment o
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After 1943 when the Italian militar
Page 162 and 163:
Besides Himarë/Himara area the Gre
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Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR
Page 166 and 167:
But from the view of a particular l
Page 168 and 169:
and contacts between people and pla
Page 170 and 171:
The “underlying trope of movement
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map them, because they can do that
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her husband did not immigrate to Gr
Page 176 and 177:
ealised what sort of poverty could
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very good to me and they have never
Page 180 and 181:
collectivized or nationalized all p
Page 182 and 183:
from the hills in the neighbourhood
Page 184 and 185:
in economical and social sense, whi
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 12: Paths and places from th
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 14: Paths and places from th
Page 190 and 191:
This constant reconstruction is tro
Page 192 and 193:
In one of her well-known works Puri
Page 194 and 195:
and a night club. The majority of l
Page 196 and 197:
seasonal workers in the spring. Sim
Page 198 and 199:
Upon the arrival of young Dimitris,
Page 200 and 201:
No, you are wrong! First comes Gram
Page 202 and 203:
the spatial differentiation of the
Page 204 and 205:
since ever”, even before the nati
Page 206 and 207:
Anastas, whose parents originate fr
Page 208 and 209:
We really enjoy our visits to the v
Page 210 and 211:
Dirt and rubbish have history. As i
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Together they define the meaning of
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CONCLUSION Complexity is intrinsic
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with their movements, story-telling
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Silent Stories of Communism Histori
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inevitable or predefined, as some a
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manipulate ideological divisions of
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Appendix 2 Himarë/Himara municipal
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Appendix 4 Number of Population in
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No. of the population in Vuno and I
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Appendix 5 LAW no. 7501, dated July
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Article 9 The Cadastral Office in e
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Article 21 Agencies of local govern
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Article 26 Law no. 5686, dated Feb.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Albanian coastal zone
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Cowan, Jane K. (1991). Going Out fo
Page 242 and 243:
Gjipali, Ilir (2004). Kërkime arke
Page 244 and 245:
Ingold, Tim (1996). Social Relation
Page 246 and 247:
Lubonja, Fatos (2002). Between the
Page 248 and 249:
Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Him
Page 250 and 251:
Wagner, Roy (1991). The Fractal Per
Page 252 and 253:
ekonomske, družbene in politične
Page 254 and 255:
prostora. Ko lokalni prebivalci, na
Page 256 and 257:
degradacije in erozije zemlje na te
Page 258 and 259:
Poglavje predstavi dela sodobnih zg
Page 260 and 261:
prebivalcev Albanije. Po padcu komu
Page 262 and 263:
Namesto krajev v Albaniji, pripoved
Page 264 and 265:
in redefinirajo identiteto, na teme
Page 266 and 267:
Naloga prikazuje, kako so pomeni po
Page 268 and 269:
Premakljivost in spremenljivost gre
Page 270 and 271:
Grčijo, Italijo in drugam, manjši
Page 272 and 273:
prepovedan. Obdobje komunizma je bi
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