university of nova gorica graduate school contested spaces and ...

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Premakljivost in spremenljivost gre pripisati tako razmejevanjem, ki jih ljudje skozi spomine in pripovedi vpisujejo v pokrajino, kakor tudi državni meji, ki razmejuje Albanijo, Grčijo, Italijo, Ameriko in Jugoslavijo. Ko pripovedovalci opisujejo gore, zamejujejo prostor med gorami oz. Albanijo in vasjo, ko pa opisujejo morje, pa razmejujejo med vasjo in morjem. S tem nacionalno razumevanje razmejevanj in mejnosti pogojujejo s prostorskimi pojmovanji in obratno. Prepletenost prostora in kraja v povezavi s hegemonističnim pojmovanjem nacionalnih držav pa prikazuje četrto poglavje. Slednje se osredotoči na mlajšo generacijo, med katerimi so lastniki turističnih storitev, emigranti in turisti, ki se v poletnih mesecih zadržujejo na obali Dhërmija/Drimadesa. Družbena in prostorska razmejevanja se vzpostavljajo okoli praktične in tehnične problematike, t. j. okoli smeti. Ko ljudje prelagajo odgovornost za nasmetenost obale na soseda, “Albanca”, “lokalca”, lokalno skupnost, občino in navsezadnje na nacionalno državo, sočasno konstruirajo družbena in prostorska razmejevanja. V procesu razmejevanja sogovorci konstituirajo red, znotraj katerega umeščajo svojo tvornost (agency). Nasprotovanja, neskladja in spori, ki so tako produkti kot tudi producenti razlikovanj med “mi” in “oni”, so del odnosov moči, kjer vsak posameznik skuša uveljaviti svoje pojmovanje kraja in na ta način določiti pozicijo vasi. Na podlagi tega procesa, se ponovno izrisuje prostorska hierarhija, ki pomembno prispeva k formaciji posameznikove identitete. Slednja je bodisi umeščena v vas bodisi je iz nje izvzeta. Četrto poglavje prikazuje kompleksnost oz. fragmentiranost odnosov moči med posamezniki na obali. V grobem bi lahko odnose moči opazovala z dveh med seboj povezanih perspektiv: z mikro- in makronivoja. Tako na primer izseljenec Kiqos, ki prihaja iz Dhërmija/Drimadesa, v razlikovanju med seboj kot “lokalcem” (horianos) in “Albanci” (Alvanos), na mikronivoju vzpostavlja red. Kiqos poudarja individualno in deloma tudi lokalno odgovornost za nečisto obalo in vas. V razmejevanju med »Albanci« in horiani Kiqos vzpostavlja svojo identiteto in jo umešča na vaško obalo. Opredeljuje se kot lokalec, koncept, ki ga pojmuje kot sorodnega “grškosti” in različnega “albanskosti”. S tem ko oblikuje svojo identiteto, Kiqos konstruira tudi obalo in vas. V poimenovanju toponimov, za katere trdi, da so grškega izvora, umešča vas v geopolitični zemljevid nacionalnih držav. To pa predstavlja makronivo Kiqovega razumevanja prostora in kraja. Na eni strani ju razume skozi svojo biografijo, na drugi pa ju reproducira glede na politične, ekonomske in administrativne sile in moči, na osnovi katerih ustvarja razmejevanja in konstruira svoj pogled na svet. 268
Glede na izjave in zgodbe starejše generacije prebivalcev vasi kakor tudi mlajše generacije lokalnih emigrantov in lastnikov turističnih storitev, se zdi, da so pomeni vasi in njene pozicije – ali “kje” vasi – redefinirani skozi posameznikove prakse in percepcije državne meje med Albanijo in Grčijo. V tem pogledu ostareli vaščani redefinirajo pozicijo vasi glede na »cestno zaporo« in prepoved prehajanj preko državne meje. Nasprotno pa mlajša generacija redefinira pozicijo vasi glede na ponovno odprtje državne meje med Albanijo in Grčijo ter množične migracije, ki so se porajale kot posledica tega odptja ter ekonomske in politične situacije v Albaniji. Iz vsebine zapisov zgodovinopiscev in pripovedi sogovorcev se zdi, da je zapora državne meje na nek način zaprla tudi dostop do komunistične preteklosti v Dhërmiju/Drimadesu. Na osnovi zgodovinopisja, ki se nanaša na območje Himarë/Himara v obdobju komunizma, in na osnovi vsebine zgodb starejših vaščanov, ki opisujejo poti prednikov, ter navsezadnje na osnovi pogajanj in debat o smeteh na obali se izrisuje odsotnost zgodb o komunizmu. A kljub temu se v nadaljnji analizi te odsotnosti med vrsticami posameznih pisnih in ustnih virov nakazuje latentna prisotnost in vpliv komunizma. Tako se zdi, da je komunizem bil in še vedno je močno prisoten, prav zaradi njegove navidezne odsotnosti. Ideologija komunizma “tiho” kartira pokrajino in pripoveduje svojo zgodbo skozi vidne objekte svojega časa: gobasti bunkerji, uničene stavbe in drugi objekti (e.g. Hotel Dhërmiu), zapuščeni nasadi citrusov in oljk, obledeli komunistični napisi “Pionirët e Enverit” na zidovih nekaterih stavb. Grenke zgodbe, ki opisujejo komunizem in pričajo o preteklosti, so prikrite in se “skrivajo” v ozadju. Slednjim je možno prisluhniti v nekaterih izjavah lokalnih prebivalcev. Vpliv komunizma mogoče tudi razbrati iz debat o problematiki smeti, še posebej ko se odgovornost prelaga iz skupine na posameznika. Odsotnost zgodb iz obdobja komunizma nakazuje, kako to obdobje izolacije in represije še vedno živi še posebej skozi predstave starejših vaščanov. Moč komunistične “avtoritete”, ki je bila uveljavljena skozi figuro Enverja Hoxha in je prikrito posegala v vsakdanjo rutino posameznikov (prepoved gibanj zunaj državnih meja in nadzor gibanja znotraj njih, kolektivizacija zemlje, nacionalna enotnost in zedinjenje posameznikov) je dandanes zastopana in reprezentirana skozi ideje in normative trenutno vladujoče politične stranke. Kljub temu, da njena moč do določene mere vpliva tudi na vsakdanje prakse posameznikov, se dandanes razkriva na nekoliko drugačen način kot v preteklosti. Danes je vsakdan vaščanov obarvan z nenehnimi izpadi električne energije in vode, z množičnimi izseljevanji v 269
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UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
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Contents ABSTRACT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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2.4.15. Communism (1945-1990) 163 2
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my PhD trai
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NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, PSEUDONYM
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Map of Albania (National Geographic
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Dhërmi/Drimades (Foto: Daniela /ra
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Therefore, it was definitely not co
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and Leake (1967) who were similarly
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iron door situated in the middle of
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treated us warmly. “Days cannot b
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what to say. My roaming mind was fu
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INTRODUCTION I was led to the study
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Many people of Dhërmi/Drimades tra
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of production and the equally ratio
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processes and practices of place ma
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Duijzings 2002: 60, Green, 2005: 14
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Albanians or Vorioepirotes and Pont
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Southern Albania and Epirus in Gree
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Many scholars (Herzfeld 1991, Henry
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What I would like to propose is tha
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Himarë/Himara area (see Koçi 2006
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Vuno is the next village extending
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Annual Temperatures in Himarë/Hima
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About a century later the second ha
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mushroom-like bunkers were placed o
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eported 23 . At Zrimazes I spent a
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1.5.1. Shifting of the “Local”
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elderly who stayed behind. Those wh
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words that do not exist in Greek. A
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paid to the constructors for their
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different. When explaining these di
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“autochthonous” inhabitants, wh
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when the lessons stopped being held
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names of the official institutions
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were not allowed to perform any of
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1.7.3. Religion and Everyday Practi
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Several elderly women respect the f
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1.8. Population: Shifting Numbers U
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communism when they lived in places
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the Albanian statistics took into a
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household (ikos or spiti) with the
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Figure 3: Family. The underlined wo
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they live in separate locations in
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Figure 5. Part of a sketch-map of Z
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On several occasions the local peop
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longer played a significant part in
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heir he inherited everything whilst
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7501), amend the Law on restitution
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After the demise of communism all c
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we learn about the village’s plac
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Chapter Two CONTESTED HISTORIES [
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traces often reflect the ongoing hi
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Millets were led by the Orthodox pa
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the revolt that took place in the v
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Sievers suggests that in contempora
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A long time ago, about 300 B.C., th
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Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për
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presented abstracts of their essays
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of the people living in Himarë/Him
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Regardless of the difference in the
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of the Balkan Peninsula” (2001: 1
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Winnifrith writes about the period
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Considering the names such as Lek,
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Therefore they stayed devoted to Al
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September when the Ottomans ceased
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Zamputi and Pulaha 1990: 399). A Br
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autonomous, he was disliked by the
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some glean detailed accounts of the
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from Vlorë and Delvina, above the
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another scholar who writes that the
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wouldn’t have any influence. Desp
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Spyro Spyromilos) as the liberator
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Italian and Greek interests led int
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Çami too, describes Spiro Koleka a
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the period of national movements th
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Moreover, Rusha continues that both
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The religious distinctions that wer
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Whereas the local authors comment o
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After 1943 when the Italian militar
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Besides Himarë/Himara area the Gre
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Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR
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But from the view of a particular l
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and contacts between people and pla
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The “underlying trope of movement
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map them, because they can do that
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her husband did not immigrate to Gr
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ealised what sort of poverty could
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very good to me and they have never
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collectivized or nationalized all p
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from the hills in the neighbourhood
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in economical and social sense, whi
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Figure 12: Paths and places from th
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Figure 14: Paths and places from th
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This constant reconstruction is tro
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In one of her well-known works Puri
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and a night club. The majority of l
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seasonal workers in the spring. Sim
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Upon the arrival of young Dimitris,
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No, you are wrong! First comes Gram
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the spatial differentiation of the
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since ever”, even before the nati
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Anastas, whose parents originate fr
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We really enjoy our visits to the v
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Dirt and rubbish have history. As i
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Together they define the meaning of
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CONCLUSION Complexity is intrinsic
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with their movements, story-telling
Page 218 and 219: Silent Stories of Communism Histori
Page 220 and 221: inevitable or predefined, as some a
Page 222 and 223: manipulate ideological divisions of
Page 224 and 225: Appendix 2 Himarë/Himara municipal
Page 226 and 227: Appendix 4 Number of Population in
Page 228 and 229: No. of the population in Vuno and I
Page 230 and 231: Appendix 5 LAW no. 7501, dated July
Page 232 and 233: Article 9 The Cadastral Office in e
Page 234 and 235: Article 21 Agencies of local govern
Page 236 and 237: Article 26 Law no. 5686, dated Feb.
Page 238 and 239: BIBLIOGRAPHY Albanian coastal zone
Page 240 and 241: Cowan, Jane K. (1991). Going Out fo
Page 242 and 243: Gjipali, Ilir (2004). Kërkime arke
Page 244 and 245: Ingold, Tim (1996). Social Relation
Page 246 and 247: Lubonja, Fatos (2002). Between the
Page 248 and 249: Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Him
Page 250 and 251: Wagner, Roy (1991). The Fractal Per
Page 252 and 253: ekonomske, družbene in politične
Page 254 and 255: prostora. Ko lokalni prebivalci, na
Page 256 and 257: degradacije in erozije zemlje na te
Page 258 and 259: Poglavje predstavi dela sodobnih zg
Page 260 and 261: prebivalcev Albanije. Po padcu komu
Page 262 and 263: Namesto krajev v Albaniji, pripoved
Page 264 and 265: in redefinirajo identiteto, na teme
Page 266 and 267: Naloga prikazuje, kako so pomeni po
Page 270 and 271: Grčijo, Italijo in drugam, manjši
Page 272 and 273: prepovedan. Obdobje komunizma je bi
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