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Annual Temperatures in Himarë/Himara Area 35 30 Temperatures 25 20 15 10 5 max temperatures mid temperatures minimal temperatures 0 Jan Mar May July Sept Nov Months Figure 1. (from Pano, Thodorjani, Mustaqi, et.al. 2006: 108) The annual rainfall ranges from 1442 millimetres to 1571 millimetres. Around 70% of the rain falls during the winter period, from January till March. In summer months the quantities of rain fluctuate only around 60 to 80 millimetres per year. The survey of the rainfall reports that Himarë/Himara area has approximate 91 rainy days. Precipitations often result in strong showers that may cause severe floods. In October 1964, for example, it was noted that within 24 hours around 313 millimetres of rain fell; and in February 1935 even more, around 350 millimetres (Pano, Thodorjani, Mustaqi, et.al. 2006: 108). Annual Precipitation in Himarë/Himara Area 250 Precipitation in mm 200 150 100 50 0 Precipitation in mm Jan Mar May July Sept Nov Months Figure 2. (see Pano, Thodorjani, Mustaqi, et.al. 2006: 109) The vegetation of the area is comprised mainly of Mediterranean shrubs, Macchia Mediterranea. The areas ranging from 600-800 meters above the sea level are overgrown by 48
the trees such as different kinds of oak (Quercus valonae, Quercus liex, Ceratonia siliqua) and the wild cotton (Gomphocarpus ruticosus and Eophorbia dendrioder) (see Nasi, Prifti et.al. 2004: 22). To a certain extent, in most of the area the vegetation is damaged as the result of building of terraces, fires and goat overgrazing. The dominant minerals are calcium and other carbonates. The rough relief is imbued with many streams and torrents that disappear in the summer and reappear again in the late autumn and winter. Rainy winters provoke the runoff and sediment loss caused by the precipitation. The area is tectonically active. According to the report on the conservation of wetland and the coastal ecosystems in the Mediterranean region “tectonic movements and shifting sea-bed morphology determine cliff erosion, creating recesses along the coast in the form of caves and canyons. Weather and the assailing forces of waves from the open Ionian Sea cause basal cliff erosion to the karstic limestone rocks” (1999: 13 United Nations Development Programme Global Environment Facility). Mountainous terrain and the seasonally wet Mediterranean climate are two main reasons for erosion and land degradation in Himarë/Himara area as well as elsewhere on the southern coast and in the Alpine area of the northern Albania (see Dedej 2002:12). Throughout the centuries in some areas the extent of erosion became greater as it was accelerated by unfavourable human activities such as over-cultivation and use of fertilizers 17 (present since 1970), deforestation, creation of artificial water reservoirs and dams, extraction of the inert material like gravel and sand, diverting of rivers from their natural streams, irrational tourism, etc. 1.3. Dhërmi/Drimades Dhërmi/Drimades stretches for about three kilometres along the national coastal road and is divided in three hamlets: Kondraça, Gjilek/Gjilekates, and Dhërmi/Drimades as the village centre. As people say, Dhërmi/Drimades or the centre (e qëndra or o kendros) was founded sometime in the 13 th century, when the population of Palesti (nowadays Palasa) expanded and moved further on to the neighbouring hills of today’s central hamlet of Dhërmi/Drimades. 17 According to the research report on Soil Survey in Albania the usage of fertilizers in Albania began in 1970s with the construction of two factories: one for the nitrogen and another for phosphate fertilizers (Zdruli 2004: 43). 49
Page 1: UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE
Page 4 and 5: Contents ABSTRACT 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Page 6 and 7: 2.4.15. Communism (1945-1990) 163 2
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During my PhD trai
Page 10 and 11: NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, PSEUDONYM
Page 12 and 13: Map of Albania (National Geographic
Page 14 and 15: Dhërmi/Drimades (Foto: Daniela /ra
Page 16 and 17: Therefore, it was definitely not co
Page 18 and 19: and Leake (1967) who were similarly
Page 20 and 21: iron door situated in the middle of
Page 22 and 23: treated us warmly. “Days cannot b
Page 24 and 25: what to say. My roaming mind was fu
Page 26 and 27: INTRODUCTION I was led to the study
Page 28 and 29: Many people of Dhërmi/Drimades tra
Page 30 and 31: of production and the equally ratio
Page 32 and 33: processes and practices of place ma
Page 34 and 35: Duijzings 2002: 60, Green, 2005: 14
Page 36 and 37: Albanians or Vorioepirotes and Pont
Page 38 and 39: Southern Albania and Epirus in Gree
Page 40 and 41: Many scholars (Herzfeld 1991, Henry
Page 42 and 43: What I would like to propose is tha
Page 44 and 45: Himarë/Himara area (see Koçi 2006
Page 46 and 47: Vuno is the next village extending
Page 50 and 51: About a century later the second ha
Page 52 and 53: mushroom-like bunkers were placed o
Page 54 and 55: eported 23 . At Zrimazes I spent a
Page 56 and 57: 1.5.1. Shifting of the “Local”
Page 58 and 59: elderly who stayed behind. Those wh
Page 60 and 61: words that do not exist in Greek. A
Page 62 and 63: paid to the constructors for their
Page 64 and 65: different. When explaining these di
Page 66 and 67: “autochthonous” inhabitants, wh
Page 68 and 69: when the lessons stopped being held
Page 70 and 71: names of the official institutions
Page 72 and 73: were not allowed to perform any of
Page 74 and 75: 1.7.3. Religion and Everyday Practi
Page 76 and 77: Several elderly women respect the f
Page 78 and 79: 1.8. Population: Shifting Numbers U
Page 80 and 81: communism when they lived in places
Page 82 and 83: the Albanian statistics took into a
Page 84 and 85: household (ikos or spiti) with the
Page 86 and 87: Figure 3: Family. The underlined wo
Page 88 and 89: they live in separate locations in
Page 90 and 91: Figure 5. Part of a sketch-map of Z
Page 92 and 93: On several occasions the local peop
Page 94 and 95: longer played a significant part in
Page 96 and 97: heir he inherited everything whilst
Page 98 and 99:
7501), amend the Law on restitution
Page 100 and 101:
After the demise of communism all c
Page 102 and 103:
we learn about the village’s plac
Page 104 and 105:
Chapter Two CONTESTED HISTORIES [
Page 106 and 107:
traces often reflect the ongoing hi
Page 108 and 109:
Millets were led by the Orthodox pa
Page 110 and 111:
the revolt that took place in the v
Page 112 and 113:
Sievers suggests that in contempora
Page 114 and 115:
A long time ago, about 300 B.C., th
Page 116 and 117:
Rights Party (Partia Bashkimi për
Page 118 and 119:
presented abstracts of their essays
Page 120 and 121:
of the people living in Himarë/Him
Page 122 and 123:
Regardless of the difference in the
Page 124 and 125:
of the Balkan Peninsula” (2001: 1
Page 126 and 127:
Winnifrith writes about the period
Page 128 and 129:
Considering the names such as Lek,
Page 130 and 131:
Therefore they stayed devoted to Al
Page 132 and 133:
September when the Ottomans ceased
Page 134 and 135:
Zamputi and Pulaha 1990: 399). A Br
Page 136 and 137:
autonomous, he was disliked by the
Page 138 and 139:
some glean detailed accounts of the
Page 140 and 141:
from Vlorë and Delvina, above the
Page 142 and 143:
another scholar who writes that the
Page 144 and 145:
wouldn’t have any influence. Desp
Page 146 and 147:
Spyro Spyromilos) as the liberator
Page 148 and 149:
Italian and Greek interests led int
Page 150 and 151:
Çami too, describes Spiro Koleka a
Page 152 and 153:
the period of national movements th
Page 154 and 155:
Moreover, Rusha continues that both
Page 156 and 157:
The religious distinctions that wer
Page 158 and 159:
Whereas the local authors comment o
Page 160 and 161:
After 1943 when the Italian militar
Page 162 and 163:
Besides Himarë/Himara area the Gre
Page 164 and 165:
Rehabilitation Administration (UNRR
Page 166 and 167:
But from the view of a particular l
Page 168 and 169:
and contacts between people and pla
Page 170 and 171:
The “underlying trope of movement
Page 172 and 173:
map them, because they can do that
Page 174 and 175:
her husband did not immigrate to Gr
Page 176 and 177:
ealised what sort of poverty could
Page 178 and 179:
very good to me and they have never
Page 180 and 181:
collectivized or nationalized all p
Page 182 and 183:
from the hills in the neighbourhood
Page 184 and 185:
in economical and social sense, whi
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 12: Paths and places from th
Page 188 and 189:
Figure 14: Paths and places from th
Page 190 and 191:
This constant reconstruction is tro
Page 192 and 193:
In one of her well-known works Puri
Page 194 and 195:
and a night club. The majority of l
Page 196 and 197:
seasonal workers in the spring. Sim
Page 198 and 199:
Upon the arrival of young Dimitris,
Page 200 and 201:
No, you are wrong! First comes Gram
Page 202 and 203:
the spatial differentiation of the
Page 204 and 205:
since ever”, even before the nati
Page 206 and 207:
Anastas, whose parents originate fr
Page 208 and 209:
We really enjoy our visits to the v
Page 210 and 211:
Dirt and rubbish have history. As i
Page 212 and 213:
Together they define the meaning of
Page 214 and 215:
CONCLUSION Complexity is intrinsic
Page 216 and 217:
with their movements, story-telling
Page 218 and 219:
Silent Stories of Communism Histori
Page 220 and 221:
inevitable or predefined, as some a
Page 222 and 223:
manipulate ideological divisions of
Page 224 and 225:
Appendix 2 Himarë/Himara municipal
Page 226 and 227:
Appendix 4 Number of Population in
Page 228 and 229:
No. of the population in Vuno and I
Page 230 and 231:
Appendix 5 LAW no. 7501, dated July
Page 232 and 233:
Article 9 The Cadastral Office in e
Page 234 and 235:
Article 21 Agencies of local govern
Page 236 and 237:
Article 26 Law no. 5686, dated Feb.
Page 238 and 239:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Albanian coastal zone
Page 240 and 241:
Cowan, Jane K. (1991). Going Out fo
Page 242 and 243:
Gjipali, Ilir (2004). Kërkime arke
Page 244 and 245:
Ingold, Tim (1996). Social Relation
Page 246 and 247:
Lubonja, Fatos (2002). Between the
Page 248 and 249:
Rrapo, Aleko (2002): Historia e Him
Page 250 and 251:
Wagner, Roy (1991). The Fractal Per
Page 252 and 253:
ekonomske, družbene in politične
Page 254 and 255:
prostora. Ko lokalni prebivalci, na
Page 256 and 257:
degradacije in erozije zemlje na te
Page 258 and 259:
Poglavje predstavi dela sodobnih zg
Page 260 and 261:
prebivalcev Albanije. Po padcu komu
Page 262 and 263:
Namesto krajev v Albaniji, pripoved
Page 264 and 265:
in redefinirajo identiteto, na teme
Page 266 and 267:
Naloga prikazuje, kako so pomeni po
Page 268 and 269:
Premakljivost in spremenljivost gre
Page 270 and 271:
Grčijo, Italijo in drugam, manjši
Page 272 and 273:
prepovedan. Obdobje komunizma je bi
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