the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

100 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI
5) A fourteen-fold error in the prediction of oxygen in the exhaust
of magnegas. In fact, quantum chemistry predicts that, under full combustion
in atmosphere, there is no oxygen in the exhaust, while magnegas shows up to
14% breathable oxygen in the exhaust.
An additional large inconsistency of quantum chemistry will be shown in the
next section in regard to the hydrogen content of magnegas.
However, the most catastrophic inconsistencies are given by the fact that magnegas
has a variable energy content, a variable specific weight, and a variable
Avogadro number. The first two features are established by the fact that the energy
content and density of magnegas produced from the same reactor with the
same liquid feedstock increases nonlinearly with the sole increase of the operating
pressure, trivially, because bigger pressures produce heavier magnecules.
The all important variation of the Avogadro number is established by the fact,
verified every day in the magnegas factories around the world when compressing
magnegas in high pressure bottles. For instance, the transition from 20 to 120 psi
requires about 40 scf, while the transition from 3, 500 psi to 3, 600 psi may require
70 scf of magnegas, an occurrence that can only be explained via the decrease of
the Avogadro number with the increase of pressure.
The latter anomaly is necessary for gases with magnecular structure for the
evident reason that the increase of pressure bonds different magnecules together,
thus reducing the Avogadro number. Alternatively, the magnecular structure
can be also interpreted as an unusual form of “semi-liquid” in the sense that the
magnecular bond is much closer to the so called “H-bridges” of the liquid state of
water. The increase of pressure evidently brings magnegas progressively closer to
the liquid state, which continuous process can only occur for a variable Avogadro
number.
On historical grounds, it should be recalled that Avogadro conceived his celebrated
number as being variable with physical characteristics of pressure and
temperature, a conception clearly stated on the expectation that the gaseous
constituents can break down into parts due to collision and subsequent recombinations.
Subsequently, the chemistry of the time believed for decades that the Avogadro
number was variable. In fact, the first measurements of the constancy of
the Avogadro number made by Canizzaro also in Italy, were initially very controversial
until verified numerous times. Today we know that the constancy of
the Avogadro number for gases with molecular structure is due to the strength of