the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

20 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI
ordinary molecules, with the understanding that a technically more appropriate
name would be electromagnecules.
The following terminology will be used herein:
1) The word atom is used in its conventional meaning as denoting a stable
atomic structure, such as a hydrogen, carbon or oxygen, irrespective of whether
the atom is ionized or not and paramagnetic or not.
2) The word dimer is used to denote part of a molecule under a valance bond,
such as H–O, H–C, etc., irrespective of whether the dimer is ionized or not, and
whether it belongs to a paramagnetic molecule or not;
3) The word molecule is used in its internationally known meaning of denoting
stable clusters of atoms under conventional, valence, electron bonds, such as H 2 ,
H 2 O, C 2 H 2 , etc., irrespective of whether the molecule is ionized or not, and
paramagnetic or not;
4) The word magnecule is used to denote stable clusters of two or more
molecules, and/or dimers and/or atoms and any combination thereof formed by
a new internal attractive bond of primarily magnetic type identified in detail in
this book; the word magnecular will be used in reference to substances with the
structure or features of magnecules;
5) The words chemical species are used to denote an essentially pure population
of stable clusters with the same internal bond, thus implying the conventional
chemical species of molecules as well as that of magnecules, under the condition
that each species admits an ignorable presence of the other species.
In this book we study the theoretical prediction permitted by hadronic mechanics
and chemistry of the new chemical species of magnecules and its experimental
verifications, which were apparently presented for the first time by Santilli in
memoir [1] of 1998.
2.2 The Hypothesis of Santilli Magnecules
The main hypothesis, studied in details in the rest of this book, can be formulated
as follows:
DEFINITION [1,2] (patented and international patents pending [5]): Santilli
magnecules in gases, liquids, and solids consist of stable clusters composed
of conventional molecules, and/or dimers, and/or individual atoms bonded together
by opposing magnetic polarities of toroidal polarizations of the orbits
of at least the peripheral atomic electrons when exposed to sufficiently strong