the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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114 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Figure 38. A view of one of the numerous GC-MS scans conducted at the Toxic Analytic Laboratory in California establishing in a final form the magnecular character of the species here studied. In fact, the molecular seeving process used by Adsorption Research Laboratory could only allow the separation of hydrogen and definitely not the numerous heavy clusters identified in this scan. Since hydrogen has only one electron and, consequently can only form under valence bond H 2, the heavy species of hydrogen here considered establishes the existence of a non-valence bond beyond any possible or otherwise credible doubt. 3) The same type of MH used in the preceding tests was submitted to CG- MS scans via the use of a HP GC 5890 and a HP MS 5972 with operating conditions specifically set for the detection of magnecules (Section 5 and Ref. [5]). The results of these third tests are reproduced in Fig. 37. As one can see, by keeping in mind the results of GC-FTIS of Fig. 36, the GC-MS measurements should have shown only two peaks, that for hydrogen H 2 at about 2 a.m.u., and that for methane CH 4 at about 16 a.m.u. On the contrary, these GC-MS tests confirm the existence of a large peak at about 2 a.m.u. evidently representing hydrogen, but do not show any peak at 16 a.m.u. proportional to the 0.78% of methane, and exhibit instead the presence of a considerable number of additional peaks in macroscopic percentages all the way to 18 a.m.u. This GC-MS scan establishes the existence beyond credible doubt of a magnecular structure in the type of MH here studied. Note, in particular, the existence of well identified peaks in macroscopic percentage with atomic weight of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and higher values which peaks, for the gas under consideration here, can only be explained as magnecules composed of individual H atoms as well as H molecules in increasing numbers.
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 115 The above measurements 1), 2) and 3) confirm the capability to produce hydrogen with a multiple value of their standard specific weight, and consequential increased energy content. Next, to test MO in fuel cells, the author had constructed by technicians in Florida a rudimentary apparatus based on the use of automotive sparks powered by an ordinary car battery, the system operating at about 15 psi. Two types of MO, denoted by MO 1 and MO 2 , were produced from pure oxygen for comparative purposes. This type of MO was tested in lieu of ordinary oxygen in a 2-cell Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell operated with conventional high purity hydrogen. The membrane material was Nafion 112; the catalyst in the electrodes was platinum acting on carbon; the plates for heat transfer were given by two nickel/gold plated material; the temperature of the fuel cell was kept constant via ordinary cooling means; the current was measured via a HP 6050A electronic load with a 600 W load module; a flow rate for oxygen and hydrogen was assigned for each current measurement; both oxygen and hydrogen were humidified before entering the cell; the measurements reported herein were conducted at 30 ◦ C. The results of the measurements are summarized in Figs. 38, 39 and 40 that report relative measurements compared to the same conditions of the cell when operated with ordinary pure oxygen. As one can see, these measurements show a clear increase of the voltage, power and efficiency of the order of 5% when the cell was operated with MO 1 and MO 2 . The increase was consistent for both samples except differences within statistical errors. To appraise these results, one should note that the types of MO used in the test were produced via rudimentary equipment based on intermittent sparks operated with an ordinary automotive battery, and with the pressure limited to 15 psi. By comparison, the industrial production of MO should be done with an array of arcs each operated with continuous currents of thousands of Amperes, and at pressures of thousands of psi. It is evident that the latter conditions are expected to imply a significant increase of the performance of the fuel cells when operated with MO. Still bigger increases in voltage, power and efficiency occur when the fuel cells are operated with both MO and MH for the reasons discussed in Section 3. These latter tests are under way and are contemplated for reporting in a future research. In summary, the systematic character of the experimental results, combined with the limited capabilities of the used equipment, appear to confirm the hy-
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Contents Preface 1 THE INCREASINGLY
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HADRONIC MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS AND
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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192 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Isodual
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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