the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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32 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI consequence, the intensity of the magnetic polarization generally increases with the number of atomic electrons, namely, the bigger is the atom, the bigger is, in general, its magnetic bond in a magnecule. Ionizations do not affect the existence of magnetic polarizations, and they may at best affect their intensity. An ionized hydrogen atom is a naked proton, which acquires a polarization of the direction of its magnetic dipole moment when exposed to an external magnetic field. Therefore, an ionized hydrogen atom can indeed bond magnetically to other polarized structures. Similarly, when oxygen is ionized by the removal of one of its peripheral electrons, its remaining electrons are unchanged. Consequently, when exposed to a strong magnetic field, such an ionized oxygen atom acquires a magnetic polarization which is similar to that of an unpolarized oxygen atom, except that it lacks the contribution from the missing electron. Ionized molecules or dimers behave along similar lines. Accordingly, the issue as to whether individual atoms, dimers or molecules are ionized or not will not be addressed hereon. The magnetic polarizations here considered are also independent as to whether the substance considered is paramagnetic or not. This is evidently due to the fact that the polarization deals with the individual orbits of individual peripheral electrons, irrespective of whether paired or unpaired, belonging to a saturate shell or not. Therefore, the issue as to whether a given substance is paramagnetic or not will be ignored hereon. Similarly, the polarizations here considered do not require molecules to have a net total magnetic polarity, which would be possible only for paramagnetic substances, again, because they act on individual orbits of individual atomic electrons. We should also indicate that another verification of our isochemical model of molecular structures is the resolution of the inconsistency of the conventional model in predicting that all substances are paramagnetic, as illustrated in Figs. 1.4 and 1.5. Recall that the atoms preserve their individualities in the conventional molecular model, thus implying the individual acquisition of a magnetic polarization under an external field, with consequential net total magnetic polarities for all molecules which is in dramatic disagreement with experimental evidence. By comparison, in the isochemical molecular model the valence electrons are actually bonded to each other, with consequential oo-shaped orbit around the respective nuclei. This implies that the rotational directions of the o-branches
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 33 Figure 9. A schematic view of the resolution for the case of the water molecule of the inconsistent prediction of the conventional molecular model that water is paramagnetic (Fig. 1.14), as permitted by the Santilli-Shillady isochemical model of water molecule (Chapter 9 [26]). As one can see, the resolution is given by the impossibility for the water molecule to acquire a net magnetic polarity. Note the complexity of the geometry of the various magnetic fields which, according to ongoing research, apparently permits the first explanation on scientific record of the 105 ◦ angle between the two H–O dimers. The corresponding resolution for the case of the hydrogen is outlined in Fig. 9.5. of Ref. [26] are opposite to each other. In turn, this implies that magnetic polarizations are also opposite to each other, resulting in the lack of a net magnetic polarity under an external field, in agreement with nature. 2.5 Production of Magnecules in Gases, Liquids and Solids At its simplest, the creation of magnecules can be understood via the old method of magnetization of a paramagnetic metal by induction. Consider a paramagnetic metal which, initially, has no magnetic field. When exposed to
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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192 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Isodual
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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