the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 31
firming another important feature of the new chemical species of magnecules,
that of permitting new means of storing energy within conventional molecules
and atoms, as discussed later on in this book.
For magnetic fields of the order of 10 9 Gauss, spherical symmetry begins to
compete with the toroidal symmetry, and for magnetic fields of the order of 10 5
Gauss or less, spherical symmetry is almost completely restored by leaving only
ordinary Zeeman effects. This latter result confirms that the creation of the new
chemical species of magnecules in gases as per Definition requires very strong
magnetic fields. The situation for liquids is different, as shown later on also in
this book.
The magnetic polarization of atoms larger than hydrogen is easily derived from
the above calculations. Consider, for example, the magnetic polarization of an
isolated atom of oxygen. For simplicity, assume that an external magnetic field
of 10 Tesla polarizes only the two peripheral valence electrons of the oxygen.
Accordingly, its total polarized magnetic field of orbital type is of the order of
twice value (2.9), i.e., about 6,000 µ. However, when the same oxygen atom
is bonded into the water or other molecules, the maximal polarized magnetic
moment is about half the preceding value.
Note the dominance of the magnetic fields due to polarized electron orbits
over the intrinsic nuclear magnetic fields. This is due not only to the fact that
the former are 1,316 times the latter, but also to the fact that nuclei are at a
relative great distance from peripheral electrons, thus providing a contribution
to the bond even smaller than that indicated. This feature explains the essential
novelty of magnecules with respect to established magnetic technologies, such as
that based on nuclear magnetic resonances.
Note also that a main mechanism of polarization is dependent on an external
magnetic field and the force actually providing the bond is of magnetic type. Nevertheless,
the ultimate origin is that of charges rotating in an atomic orbit. This
illustrates that, as indicated in Sect. 2.1, the name “magnecules” was suggested
on the basis of the predominant magnetic origin, as well as for the pragmatic differentiation
with molecules without using a long sentence, although a technically
more appropriate name would be “electromagnecules.”
Needless to say, the polarization of the orbits is not necessarily restricted to
valence electrons because the polarization does not affect the quantum numbers
of any given orbit, thus applying for all atomic electrons, including those of
complete inner shells, of course, under a sufficiently strong external field. As a