the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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140 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Figure 57. A conceptual rendering of a perspective view of the central hypothesis submitted for the first time in this section via Fig. 55, better illustrating the bond via opposing magnetic polarities of the two H-atoms, as well as the unstable character of the configuration due to collision with other species and intrinsic instabilities to be studied in a forthcoming section. The plausibility of the new form of water is supported by the fact that, when H − O − H is liquid, the new species (H × H) − O is expected to be gaseous. This is due to various reasons, such as the fact that the hydrogen is much lighter than the oxygen in the ratio 1 to 16 amu. As a result, the new species (H × H) − O is essentially equivalent to ordinary gaseous oxygen in conformity with conventional thermodynamical laws, since the transition from the liquid to the gas state implies the increase of the entropy, as well known. Alternatively, the loss of electric polarization in the transition from H − O − H to (H × H) − O is expected to cause the loss of the processes permitting the very existence of the water molecule, such as the hydrogen bridges between dimers O − H of different molecules. Transition to a gaseous form is then consequential, thus confirm the plausibility of the new form of water (H × H) − O proposed in this section. However, it can also be seen that the new form of water (H × H) = O is unstable, and decomposes in H × H and O. This decomposition is supported by
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 141 the clear evidence in the HHO gas of atomic oxygen, as well as of the species with 2 amu that is normally interpreted as being H − H, while we suggest the additional possibility that such a species is, at least in part, H × H. 6.5 Contributions of Hadronic Chemistry Toward the Future Understanding of the Complexities of Water There is no doubt that, being the foundation of life, water is by far the most complex chemical structure in nature. Any chemist who believes to have achieved a final understanding of water via quantum chemistry should be removed from the scientific community because of either mental or ethical problems, and the same holds for chemists using hadronic chemistry. It is merely hoped that the efforts presented in this section have achieved another step in the study of water beyond those permitted by quantum chemistry, with the understanding that a serious understanding of water may well require efforts throughout this third millennium. Recall that quantum chemistry was unable to achieve an exact and invariant representation of the main characteristics of the water molecule from unadulterated first principles despite efforts over the past century. In fact, a historical 2% has been missing in the representation of the water binding energy, while the representation of its electric and magnetic moments was embarrassingly wrong even in the signs. An improvement of the numerical representation was achieved via the so-called “screening of the Coulomb law”, that is, the multiplication of the Coulomb potential by an arbitrary function of unknown physical or chemical origin, q 1×q 2 r → f(r) × q 1×q 2 r . However, as indicated since Chapter 1 [22], this type of screening implies the abandonment of the notion of “quantum” of energy, trivially, due to the loss of all quantized orbits, as well as the exiting from the basic axioms of quantum mechanics, because the transition from the Coulomb potential to its screened form requires nonunitary transforms. Independently from these basic shortcomings, the fundamental problem of quantum chemistry, whether with or without screening processes, remains the fact that the name “valence” is a pure nomenclature, since it does not identify in explicit and numerical terms the attractive force needed for two hydrogen atoms to be bounded to the oxygen atom in the structure H − O − H, and electrons repel each other in any case for quantum mechanics and chemistry.
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THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUC
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Contents Preface 1 THE INCREASINGLY
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HADRONIC MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS AND
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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192 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Isodual
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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