the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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26 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI cation of a sufficiently strong external magnetic field, atoms exhibit the additional magnetic moment caused by a polarization of the electron orbits. This third magnetic field was ignored by chemists until 1998 (although not by physicists) because nonexistent in a conventional atomic state. As a matter of fact, it should be recalled that orbits are naturally planar in nature, as established by planetary orbits, and they acquire a spherical distribution in atoms because of various quantum effects, e.g., uncertainties. Therefore, in the absence of these, all atoms would naturally exhibit five force fields and not only the four fields currently assumed in chemistry. On historical grounds it should be noted that theoretical and experimental studies in physics of the hydrogen atom subjected to an external (homogeneous) magnetic field date to Schrödinger’s times. 2.4 Numerical Value of Magnecular Bonds In the preceding section we have noted that a sufficiently strong external magnetic field polarizes the orbits of peripheral atomic electrons resulting in a magnetic field which does not exist in a conventional spherical distribution. Needless to say, the same external magnetic fields also polarize the intrinsic magnetic moments of the peripheral electrons and of nuclei, resulting into three net magnetic polarities available in an atomic structure for a new bond. When considering molecules, the situation is different because valence electrons are bonded in singlet couplings to verify Pauli’s exclusion principle, as per our hypothesis of the isoelectronium of Chapter 9 [26]. As a result, their net magnetic polarities can be assumed in first approximation as being null. In this case, only two magnetic polarities are available for new bonds, namely, the magnetic field created by the rotation of paired valence electrons in a polarized orbit plus the intrinsic magnetic field of nuclei. It should be noted that the above results persist when the inter-electron distance of the isoelectronium assumes orbital values. In this case the total intrinsic magnetic moment of the two valence electrons is also approximately null in average due to the persistence of antiparallel spins and, therefore, antiparallel magnetic moments, in which absence there would be a violation of Pauli’s exclusion principle. The calculation of these polarized magnetic moments at absolute zero degree temperature is elementary [1]. By using rationalized units, the magnetic moment M e-orb . of a polarized orbit of one atomic electron is given by the general quantum
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 27 mechanical law: M e-orb. = q Lµ, (2.6) 2m where L is the angular momentum, µ is the rationalized unit of the magnetic moment of the electron, q = −e, and m = m e . It is easy to see that the magnetic moment of the polarized orbit of the isoelectronium coincides with that of one individual electron. This is due to the fact that, in this case, in Eq. (2.6) the charge in the numerator assumes a double value q = −2e, while the mass in the denominator also assumes a double value, m = 2m e , thus leaving value (2.6) unchanged. By plotting the various numerical values for the ground state of the hydrogen atom, one obtains: M e-orb. = M isoe-orb. = 1, 859.59µ. (2.7) By recalling that in the assumed units the proton has the magnetic moment 1.4107 µ, we have the value [1]: M e-orb. 1, 856.9590 = = 1, 316.33, (2.8) M p-intr. 1.4107 namely, the magnetic moment created by the orbiting in a plane of the electron in the hydrogen atom is 1,316 times bigger than the intrinsic magnetic moment of the nucleus, thus being sufficiently strong to create a bond. It is evident that the polarized magnetic moments at ordinary temperature are smaller than those at absolute zero degrees temperature. This is due to the fact that, at ordinary temperature, the perfect polarization of the orbit in a plane is no longer possible. In this case the polarization occurs in a toroid, as illustrated in Fig. 7, whose sectional area depends on the intensity of the external field. As an illustrative example, under an external magnetic field of 10 Tesla, an isolated hydrogen atom has a total magnetic field of the following order of magnitude: M H-tot. = M p-intr. + M e-intr. + M e-orb. ≈ 3, 000µ, (2.9) while the same hydrogen atom under the same conditions, when a component of a hydrogen molecule has the smaller value M H2 -tot. = M p-intr. + M isoe-orb. ≈ 1, 500µ, (2.10) again, because of the absence of the rather large contribution from the intrinsic magnetic moment of the electrons, while the orbital contribution remains unchanged.
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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