the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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8 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI CH 4 , via the use of highly polluting electric power plants, and no oxygen is released in the atmosphere during production. Reformation processes are preferred over electrolysis not only because of the low efficiency of the electrolytic separation of water, 6 but also due to the fact that the primary drive in the current international support for hydrogen as a fuel is to permit the petroleum cartel to multiply the profits (because the profits from the sale of the hydrogen content of fossil fuels are a multiple of the profits from the direct sale of fossil fuels, as better indicated below.) Renewable sources of electricity, even though manifestly valuable, are so minute with respect to the enormity of the demand for fuel that cannot be taken into serious consideration. Nuclear power plants also cannot be taken into serious consideration until governments finally provide serious financial support for basic research on the stimulated decay of radioactive nuclear waste by nuclear power plants themselves, rather than the currently preferred “storage” of nuclear waste in in depositories nobody wants to have near-by. These aspects begin to illustrate the reason hadronic mechanics, superconductivity and chemistry were developed, as studied in more details in the Chapter 11 [26]. When inspected in real terms, the current production, transportation and use of hydrogen, if implemented in large scale such as that of fossil fuels, cause the following very serious environmental problems: A) Alarming oxygen depletion caused by hydrogen combustion. The notion of ”oxygen depletion” was introduced by Santilli at the 2000 Hydrogen World Conference in Munich (see the technology section of www.magnegas.com) as the permanent removal of breathable oxygen from our atmosphere and its conversion into water vapor H 2 O. By remembering that oxygen is the very basis of life, we are here referring to one of the most serious environmental problems facing mankind that can become potentially lethal for large scale combustion of hydrogen irrespective of whether used as fuel or in fuel cells. When TV programs show water vapor coming out of car exhaust running on hydrogen, they are actually showing one of the most alarming environmental problems facing mankind. 6 Electrolytic plants for the separation of water have an efficiency of the order of 0.8, thus yielding an efficiency for hydrogen production by volume of the order of 0.5, as compared to the efficiency in the production of magnegas discussed in the subsequent sections of this book that can be 10.5 in industrial recycler, that is, 21 times bigger than that of electrolysis.
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 9 It should be indicated that gasoline combustion causes much less oxygen depletion than hydrogen combustion, for various reasons. The first is that gasoline combustion turns atmospheric oxygen into CO 2 that is food for plants, since the chlorophyll process turns CO 2 into breathable O 2 while maintaining C for plant growth. Therefore, the oxygen depletion caused by gasoline and fossil fuels in general is that for the excess of CO 2 that cannot be any longer recycled by plants due to their enormous daily releases, combined with the ongoing forest depletion. By recalling that C has the atomic weight of 12 amu, O 2 has 32 amu, and CO 2 has 44 amu, the oxygen depletion is given by 32/44 = 72.7 % of the CO 2 excess (for statistical data on current CO 2 excess one may consult the web site cdiac.ornl.gov/ where there is no mention of oxygen depletion but the latter can be compute as 72.7 % of the data therein). By comparison, hydrogen turns breathable oxygen into water vapors. At this point equivocal technicians indicate that “plants also recycle water into oxygen,” which statement is correct because without water plants die, as well known. Nevertheless, if proffered by experts, the statement may be dishonest because they do not mention the fact that our atmosphere is full of water vapor as shown by clouds and rain. Hence, the additional water vapor originating from hydrogen combustion cannot possibly be recycled by plants. By comparison, the CO 2 content in our atmosphere was less than 1% one century ago, in which case the excess due to fossil fuel combustion was, at least initially, recycled by plants, and this is the very reason the human race is still alive today despite the current immense fossil fuel consumption the world over. Yet another reason favoring environmentally the combustion of gasoline over hydrogen is that the oxygen depletion caused by hydrogen combustion is a large multiple of that caused by gasoline combustion. This additional environmental problem can be seen as follows. Gasoline combustion is based on the synthesis of CO, one of the most esoenergetic chemical reactions known to man, that releases 255 Kcal/mole, followed by the synthesis of CO 2 that releases about 85 Kcal/mole, and other reactions for a total of at least 335 Kcal/mole. By comparison, the sole chemical reaction in hydrogen combustion is the synthesis of H 2 O releasing about 57 Kcal/mole. A first year graduate student in chemistry can then compute the multiplier needed for the oxygen depletion caused by gasoline combustion to reach that of hydrogen combustion, of course, under the same energy output.
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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192 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Isodual
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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