the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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24 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI of the magnecules due to combustion, these individual atoms and dimers couple themselves into conventional molecules via known exothermic reactions such as H + H → H 2 + 105 Kcal/mole, C + O → CO + 255 Kcal/mole, H−O + H → H 2 O + 28 Kcal/mole, etc., (2.5) with consequential release during combustion of a large amount of energy that does not exist in fuels with a conventional molecular structure. In reading this book, the reader should keep in mind that, in view of the above important industrial, consumer and environmental implications, a primary emphasis of the presentation is the study of magnecules with the largest possible number of unpaired atoms and dimers, rather than molecules. In inspecting the above representation of magnecules, the reader should also keep in mind that their linear formulation in a row is used mainly for practical purposes. In fact, the correct formulation should be via columns, rather than rows, since the bond occurs between one atom of a given molecule and an atom of another molecule, as we shall see in detail later on. 2.3 The Five Force Fields Existing in Polarized Atoms The attractive bond responsible for the creation of magnecules originates within the structure of individual atoms. Therefore, it is recommendable to initiate our study via the identification of all force fields existing in a conventional atomic structure. The sole fields in the atomic structure studied by chemists prior to Ref. [1] were the intrinsic electric and magnetic fields of electrons and nuclei (see Fig. 6). It was proved a century ago that these fields can only produce valence bonds, thus explaining the reason why molecules were the only form of atomic clustering with a clear bond admitted by chemistry until recently. Santilli’s [1] main contribution has been the identification of a new force field in the atomic structure, which is sufficiently strong to permit a new chemical species. Since the inception of atomic physics, the electron of the hydrogen atom (but not necessarily peripheral electrons of more complex atoms) has been assumed to have a spherical distribution, which is indeed the case for isolated and unperturbed atomic structures (see also Fig. 6).
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 25 Figure 7. A schematic view of the force fields existing in the hydrogen atom. Fig. 6.A depicts an isolated hydrogen atom in its conventional spherical configuration when at absolute zero degree temperature, in which the sole force fields are given by the electric charges of the electron and of the proton, as well as by the intrinsic magnetic moments of the same particles. Fig. 6.B depicts the same hydrogen atom in which the orbit of the peripheral electron is polarized into a plane. In this case there is the emergence of a fifth field, the magnetic dipole moment caused by the rotation of the electron in its planar orbit. Fig. 6.C depicts the same hydrogen atom under an external magnetic field which causes the transition from the spherical distribution of the peripheral electron as in Fig. 6.A to a new distribution with the same cylindrical symmetry as that of the external field, and such to offer magnetic polarities opposite to the external ones. In the latter case, the polarization generally occurs within a toroid, and reaches the perfectly planar configuration of Fig. 6.B only at absolute zero degree temperature or under extremely strong magnetic fields. However, electrons are charged particles, and all charges rotating in a planar orbit create a magnetic field in the direction perpendicular to the orbital plane, and such to exhibit the North polarity in the semi-space seeing a counter-clockwise rotation (see Fig. 6.B). A main point of Ref. [1] is that the distribution in space of electron orbits is altered by sufficiently strong external magnetic fields. In particular, the latter cause the transition from the conventional spherical distribution to a new distribution with the same cylindrical symmetry of the external field, and such to exhibit magnetic polarities opposite to the external ones (Fig. 6.C). Therefore, the magnetic fields of atoms are not solely given by the intrinsic magnetic fields of the peripheral electrons and of nuclei because, under the appli-
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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