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12 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Figure 5. Summary of comparative measurements combustion exhaust of the new magnegas fuel (described in Section 3 below), natural gas and gasoline conducted at the EPA accredited automotive laboratory of Liphardt & Associated of Long Island, New York in 2000 (see for details the website http://www.magnegas.com/technology/part6.htm). As one can see, contrary to popular belief, under the same conditions (same car with same weight used with the same computerized EPA routine, for the same duration of time), natural gas exhaust contains 61% “more” hydrocarbons, about 41% “more” green house gases, and about 200% “more” nitrogen oxides than gasoline exhaust. at sixty three times the cost of natural gas, a very high cost that is a reflection of the low efficiency of the available processes for hydrogen production. But, unlike magnegas and natural gas, hydrogen cannot be significantly carried in a car in a compressed form, thus requiring its liquefaction that is very expensive to achieve as well as to maintain. Consequently, simple calculations establish that the actual cost of hydrogen in a liquified form for automotive use is at least 200 times the cost of fossil fuels, There is no credible or otherwise scientific doubt that, under the above generally untold large problems, hydrogen has no realistic chance of becoming a serious alternative for large use without basically new technologies and processes. The above refers to the use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel for internal combustion engines. The situation for the use of hydrogen in fuel cells is essentially the same, except for different efficiencies between internal combustion engines and fuel cells that have no relevance for environmental profiles. A possible resolution, or at least alleviation, of these problems is presented in Section 5.
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 13 Another widespread misrepresentation existing in alternative fuels is the belief that “the combustion of natural gas (or methane) is cleaner than that of gasoline,” with particular reference to a presumed reduction of carcinogenic and green house emissions. This misrepresentation is based on the visual evidence that the flame of natural gas is indeed cleaner than that of gasoline or other liquid fuels. However, natural gas is gaseous while gasoline is liquid, with an increase of density in the transition from the former to the latter of about 1, 500 units. Consequently, when the pollutants in the flame of natural gas are prorated to the density of gasoline, the much more polluting character of natural gas emerges. In any case, recent measurements reviewed later on in this book have disproved the above belief because, under identical performances, natural gas is much more polluting than gasoline (see Figure 4). Further widespread misrepresentations exist for ethanol, biogases, and other conventional fuels, that is, fuels possessing the conventional molecular structure, because generally presented as cleaner than gasoline. In effect, ethanol combustion exhaust is the most carcinogenic among all fuels, the pollution caused by biogases is truly alarming, and the same occur for all remaining available conventional fuels. In addition, ethanol. biogases and other fuels of agricultural origin leave large carbon deposits on spark plugs, piiston rings and otehr component, by decreasing considerably the life of the engines. Hence, the mere inspection of the tailpipe exhaust is today a view of the past millennium, if not motivated by equivocal commercial, political or academic interests. The sole approach environmentally acceptable today is the study of the global environmental profile pertaining to fuels, that including the environmental pollution caused by the production, storage, transportation, and combustion. In closing, equivocal commercial, political and academic interests should be made aware that, following the success of the lawsuits against the tobacco industry, environmental groups in Berlin, Washington, Tokyo and other cities are apparently preparing lawsuits for trillion dollars punitive compensation against any large scale producer or user of polluting fuel. Therefore, it appears that the best way to confront supporters of hydrogen, ethanol, biofuels and other highly polluting fuels is that via a judicial process. After all, we should never forget that the future of mankind is at stake on these issues.
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