the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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10 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI B) Alarming environmental problems caused by current hydrogen production. The reformation of methane and other fossil fuels for hydrogen production requires large amounts of energy because of the necessary breaking of strong molecular bonds such as CH 4 . In this case, all byproducts of the reformation, such as the “green house gas” CO 2 , are released into the environment. A first year graduate student in chemistry can then prove (although his/her teacher may disagree for personal academic gains) that the CO 2 released in the atmosphere for hydrogen production from CH 4 is a large multiple of the CO 2 produced in gasoline combustion. Hence, simple calculations establish that the current methods of hydrogen production, transportation and use release in the atmosphere carcinogenic substances, green house gases and other contaminants that are at least twenty times bigger than the contaminants releases by the gasoline production and combustion in contemporary cars with efficient catalytic converters. In fact, the production of hydrogen requires large amounts of energy while, by comparison, gasoline production requires considerably less energy because crude oil comes out of the group at pressure without any need of electricity, while refining processes of crude oil into gasoline are mostly chemical in nature, thus requiring minimal electric energy. The global pollution caused by gasoline is therefore essentially restricted to the pollution caused by transportation and combustion. Being an environmentalist, the author certainly does not support gasoline as the dominant fuel. Nevertheless, scientific honesty requires the admission that gasoline is much less polluting than hydrogen as currently produced when considered on a global scale including production, transportation and combustion. C) Alarming threat to the ozone layer caused by hydrogen seepage and losses. Another serious environmental problem caused by hydrogen is due to its seepage, namely, the fact that, being composed by the smallest molecule on Earth, hydrogen escapes through container walls irrespective of the used material and thickness. Consequently, the large scale use of hydrogen must take into account the inevitable release of free hydrogen that, being very light, instantly rises to the upper layer of our atmosphere all the way to the ozone layer, resulting in its depletion because hydrogen and ozone have one of the fastest known chemical reactions H 2 + O 3 → H 2 O + O 2 . (1.1)
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 11 Again, gasoline is preferable over hydrogen also in regard to the ozone layer. In fact, gasoline is liquid and its vapors are heavy, thus being unable to reach the ozone layer. Also, all byproducts of gasoline combustion are heavy and they simply cannot rise to the ozone layer. Assuming that some tornado carries byproducts of gasoline combustion all the way up to the ozone layer, they have no known reaction with the ozone that could compare with that of hydrogen, Eq. (1.1). D) Alarming environmental problems caused by the need to liquify hydrogen. Gasoline contains about 110, 000 British Thermal Units (BTU) per gallon (g) while hydrogen contains about 300 BTU per standard cubic foot (scf). Consequently, the “Gasoline Gallon Equivalent” (GGE) is given by 366 scf of hydrogen. Hence, the hydrogen equivalent of an average 20 gallon gasoline tank would require 7, 320 scf of hydrogen, namely, a volume of hydrogen so big to require a trailer for its transportation in automotive uses. This is the reason all manufacturers testing cars running on hydrogen as a fuel, such as BMW, GM, Honda, and others, have been forced to use liquified hydrogen. At this point the environmental problems caused by use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel become truly serious, e.g., because hydrogen liquifies close to the absolute zero degree temperature, thus requiring large amounts of electric energy for its liquefaction, with consequential multiplication of pollution. Additional significant amounts of energy are needed to maintain the liquid state because the spontaneous transition from the liquid to the gas state is explosive without any combustion (because of the rapidity of the transition when the cooling systems ceases to operate). At the 2000 Hydrogen World Meeting held in Munich, Germany, under BMW support, a participant from Florida stated that “If one of my neighbors in Florida purchases a car operating on liquid hydrogen, I will sell my house because in the event that neighbor leaves the car parked in his driveway to spend the weekend in Las Vegas, and the cooling systems fails to operate due to the Florida summer heat, the explosion due to the transition of state back to the gaseous form will cause a crater.” E) Prohibitive hydrogen cost. Commercial grade hydrogen (not the pure hydrogen needed for fuel cells) currently retails in the USA at $0.18/scf. By comparison, natural gas retails at about $0.01/scf. But hydrogen contains 300BT U/scf, while natural gas contains 1, 050BT U/scf. Consequently, 1,050 300 × $0.18 = $0.63, namely, commercial grade hydrogen currently sells in the U.S.A.
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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