the new fuels with magnecular structure - Institute for Basic Research

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110 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI field created by a rectilinear conductor with current I at a radial distance r is given by the well known law B = kI/r, (5.4) where k = 1 in absolute electromagnetic units. It then follows that, for currents in the range of 10 3 A and distances of the order of the size of atoms r = 10 −8 cm, the intensity of the magnetic field B is of the order of 10 13 Oersted, thus being fully sufficient to cause the magnetic polarization of the orbits of peripheral atomic electrons. Under the above conditions schematically represented in Fig. 9, atoms with the toroidal polarization of their orbits find themselves aligned one next to the other with opposing polarities which attract each other, thus forming magnecules. The electric arc decomposes the original molecule, thus permitting the presence of isolated atoms or radicals in the magnecular structure as needed to increase the energy output (Section 3). In this way, the process transforms the original gas with its conventional molecular structure into a new chemical species consisting of individual atoms, radicals and complete molecules all bonded together by attractive forces among opposite magnetic polarities of the toroidal polarization of the orbits of peripheral atomic electrons. In the event the original gas has a simple diatomic molecular structure, such as H 2 , the magnecular clusters are composed of individual polarized H atom and ordinary polarized molecules H 2 as in Fig. 11. In the event the original gas has the more complex diatomic structure of O 2 , the magnecular clusters are composed of individual polarized O atoms, O–O single bonds, and O 2 molecules with additional internal bonds as in Fig. 12. In the event the original gas has the more complex diatomic structure CO with triple valence bonds, the magnecular clusters are more complex and are generally composed of individual C and O atoms, single bonds C–O, double bond C=O, conventional molecules CO and O 2 with internal new bonds as in Fig. 12, plus possible C-complexes. Original gases with more complex conventional molecular structure evidently imply more complex magnecular clusters with all possible internal atomic arrangements. It is evident that the resulting new species is not composed of all identical magnecules, and it is composed instead of a variety of magnecules from a minimum to a maximum number of atomic components, which have been measured to reach 1,000 a.m.u. and even more. The specific weight of the magnecular gas is then given by the average weight of all different magnecules, as indicated earlier.
THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUCTURE 111 Needless to say, a number of alternative methods for the industrial production of MH and MO are possible as identified in the existing patent applications. An alternative method worth mentioning here is the use of solenoids. The reader should however be aware that the latter cannot decompose molecules. Therefore, the MagneGases produced via the use of electric discharges and solenoids are different. Another type of MH important for this study is that obtained from MagneGas [5]. When MagneGas is produced from a hydrogen rich liquid feedstock (such as water or liquids of fossil origin), it may contain up to 60% hydrogen in a form already polarized by the electric arc used for its production. Therefore, the hydrogen content of MagneGas is indeed a particular form of MH which can be separated via a variety of available technologies, such as filtration, cryogenic cooling and other processes. This particular form of MH (whose features are identified in the next subsection) is particularly suited as fuel for internal combustion engines, rather than for fuel cells. This is due to the expected presence of very small C and O impurities which do not permit their use in fuel cells. This particular type of MH derived from MagneGas has already been tested for automotive usage and proved to have a performance essentially similar to that of gasoline without any need of liquefaction, as needed instead by hydrogen vehicles currently tested by BMW, GM and other automakers. The tests were conducted via the conversion of two Honda and one Ferrari cars to operate on the new fuels (see [5] for brevity). Above all, this particular type of MH has resulted to be cost competitive with respect to fossil fuels, of course, when produced in sufficiently large volumes. This cost competitiveness is due to a variety of factors, including (see [5] for detail): 1) the use of hydrogen rich wastes as liquid feedstock, such as city and farm sewage, antifreeze and or oil waste, etc., which implies an income, rather than a cost; 2) the possible utilization of steam at 400 ◦ produced by the cooling of the highly esoenergetic processes of the reactors, which steam can be used for other income producing applications, such as desalting seawater via evaporation, production of electricity via turbines, heating of buildings, and other income producing uses; and 3) the unusually high efficiency of Santilli Hadronic Reactors of molecular types used for the process which brings the cost of electricity down to 0.005/scf.
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THE NEW FUELS WITH MAGNECULAR STRUC
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Contents Preface 1 THE INCREASINGLY
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HADRONIC MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS AND
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190 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Ethereal
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192 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Isodual
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194 RUGGERO MARIA SANTILLI Newton-S
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