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210 The MiliTary Balance 2010 Table 19 nATO/EU Transport and Air refuelling Capability naTO/eU north america holding holding aircraft Type country country a-310 MrTT/ cc150T** Germany 4 4 Canada 2 2 a-310/cc150 Belgium 2 10 Canada 3 3 France 3 Germany 3 Spain 2 a-319 Czech Republic 2 7 Italy 3 France 2 a-340 France 2 2 an-124 NATO 2 2 an-2 Bulgaria 1 5 Estonia 2 Latvia 2 an-26 Bulgaria 3 17 Czech Republic 5 Hungary 5 Romania 4 an-28 Poland 14 14 an-32 Croatia 2 2 B-707 300(Kc)* Spain 2 2 B-767 MrTT** Italy 1 1 c-130 Austria 3 163 Canada 21 481 Belgium 11 United States 460 Denmark 4 France 14 Greece 15 Italy 22 Netherlands 6 Norway 2 Poland 5 Portugal 6 Romania 5 Spain 7 Sweden 7 Turkey 13 UK 43 c-160 France 42 141 Germany 83 Turkey 16 c-160nG** France 15 15 Type Total Type Total naTO/eU north america holding holding aircraft Type country country c-17 NATO 3 9 Canada 4 178 UK 6 United States 174 c-27J Bulgaria 3 29 Greece 12 Italy 9 Lithuania 3 Romania 2 c-5 United States 111 111 caSa 212 Portugal 24 81 Spain 57 caSa c-295 Poland 11 19 Portugal 1 Spain 7 cc-115 Canada 6 6 cl-601 Czech Republic 1 7 Germany 6 cn-235 France 20 80 Spain 14 Turkey 46 Dc-10 Netherlands 1 1 erJ-135 lr Belgium 2 4 Greece 2 erJ-145 lr Belgium 2 2 G-222 Italy 9 9 Kc-10a** United States 59 59 Kc-130* Spain 5 6 Canada 5 67 Sweden 1 United States 62 Kc-135r* Turkey 7 7 United States 453 453 KDc-10 Netherlands 2 2 M-28 Poland 15 15 Tristar c2 UK 3 3 Tristar** K1/Kc1 UK 6 6 Tu-134B Bulgaria 1 1 Tu-154 Poland 2 2 Vc-10** UK 10 10 Vc-10 K3/K4 UK 6 6 Grand Totals 684 1360 * Tkr ** Tkr tpt Type Total Type Total
Chapter Four Russia New defence reforms underway In September 2008, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev launched an ambitious attempt to reform and modernise the Russian armed forces. The concept document was publicly presented on 14 October at the meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), and was entitled ‘The Future Outlook of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and Priorities for its Creation for the period of 2009–2020’ (Perspektivny oblik Vooruzhennykh Sil RF i pervoocherednye mery po ego formirovaniu na 2009–2020 gody). Over the past 15 years, there have been a series of attempts to implement ‘defence reform’ in the Russian armed forces, so the change in terminology to ‘Future Outlook’ is itself of note. With these attempts at reform having been neither comprehensively implemented nor properly resourced, the term has become associated with reorganisations driven by particular service interests – such as the Strategic Rocket Forces (SRF) or the army – that have had little qualitative impact on the overall readiness of the armed forces or personnel welfare. The last such reform, initiated by former Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov, and officially ‘completed’ in 2004, led to some improvements, such as the creation of a limited number of permanent-readiness units and the recruitment of an equally small number of professional (contract) soldiers. Though it did not fundamentally change the structure of the Russian armed forces, it arguably paved the way for more systemic reform by subordinating the General Staff to the MoD. Army General Nikolai Makarov, appointed on 3 June 2008 as Russian chief of the General Staff, has said the current moves are the most radical changes within the Russian armed forces in the past 200 years. Some analysts have said that, if successful, Defence Minister Anatoly Serdyukov’s plans could create in the next decade fundamentally different armed forces for Russia: no longer would Russia have a mass-mobilisation army but a much smaller force suited for local or regional conflicts, and better able to support Russian foreign-policy objectives. But this strategy has also provoked resistance within the military and political class, and its success might be chal- lenged by a shortage of resources and lack of political consensus on the armed forces’ key missions. Motivating factors It is widely held that these changes were a response to the lessons learned in the brief August 2008 war with Georgia, though the aftermath of this campaign also provided an opportunity for Serdyukov to enact previously held plans. Russia’s victory was mainly due to its numerical superiority, the basic military skills of its ground troops and the assistance received from highly motivated South Ossetian paramilitaries familiar with the difficult mountainous terrain. Analysis of Russia’s performance during the campaign (see The Military Balance 2009, pp. 210–12) highlighted fundamental shortcomings in force composition, training, command and control, equipment and doctrine. This poor performance increased doubt that the military could be seen as a reliable instrument to support Russian foreign- and securitypolicy objectives, and also reinforced the perception that the armed forces could not in the future guarantee reliable conventional defence capabilities. But the plan also resulted from consideration of a number of other factors. Negative demographic trends mean that the number of conscript-age males is declining. According to Makarov, in 2012 this number will be only half of the 2001 figure. Secondly, the Russian armed forces’ inventory remains stocked with ageing Soviet equipment, and there is currently limited capacity to finance and produce substantial numbers of modernised or replacement systems, particularly if the mobilisationcentric doctrine remains. The so-called ‘reserve units’, little more than storage sites for equipment to be used by reservists in case of mobilisation, have even more outdated capabilities, with little operational value. Thirdly, a confluence of personnel issues was seen as hindering force effectiveness. Corruption, crime and peacetime casualties within the Russian army had by 2008 grown substantially, with the total number of crimes committed by the military reported at 20,425. Over 500 officers were prosecuted for corruption, including 117 senior commanding officers and 20 generals. A further 604 servicemen died as a result Russia
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The Military Balance 2010 Editor’
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The Military Balance 2010 Preface T
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Units and formation strength Compan
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Principal Aviation Equipment De�n
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Construction, Research and Developm
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Chapter One North America THE UNITE
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tion execution procedures’. There
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and network kits for the HMMWV. Whi
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tion brigade roughly quintuples the
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light of the forthcoming demographi
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FY2010 National Defence Process In
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North America Table 7 US National D
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Cbt Engr 1 regt MP 4 coy Log 10 bn
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SUDAN UN • UNMIS (Operation Safar
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Engr 4 bde Sig 1 bde Spt 8 spt bde,
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Naval reserve Forces 109,222 (total
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AAV 1,311 AAV-7A1 (all roles) ARTY
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FORCES BY ROLE HQ (AF) 1 HQ located
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FORCES BY ROLE Combined Service 1 H
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IRAQ NATO • NTM-I 12 UN • UNAMI
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Table 8 US Air Capability 2010 Airc
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Table 9 Selected US Arms Orders Fy2
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Chapter Two Latin America and the C
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II RM Mexicali, Baja California Reg
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elationship will be affected follow
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In March 2009, the 12 defence minis
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systems, including 100,000 Kalashni
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previous editions of The Military B
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MRL 105mm 4 SLAM Pampero MOR 883: 8
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WESTERN SAHARA UN • MINURSO 3 obs
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LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19: AH 2 TPT
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ABU 6: 1 Almirante Graca Aranah (li
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TOWED 138: 105mm 90 M-101 155mm 48
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Capabilities ACTIVE 285,220 (Army 2
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RECCE 11: 6 Schweizer SA-2-37; 2 B-
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TPT 12: 3 Yak-40; 3 An-24; 2 Il-76;
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PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8 FRIG
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AIRCRAFT • RECCE 1 O-2A Skymaster
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EQUIPMENT By TyPE AIRCRAFT TPT 1 Y-
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SAR/Tpt 2 flt with 4 AS-355N Ecureu
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FTR 10: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tig
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Capabilities ACTIVE 10,650 (Army 7,
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AD SAM • MANPAD 298+: 70 SA-14 Gr
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EQUIPMENT By TyPE AIRCRAFT 4 combat
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DEPLOyMENT AFgHANISTAN UN • UNAMA
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FORCES By ROLE Ftr/FGA 2 gp with Su
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Latin America and the Caribbean Tab
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Chapter Three Europe NATO Towards a
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Table 13 EU Battlegroups year Semes
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in Atalanta can arrest, detain and
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NATO EUROPE - DEfENCE ECONOMICs Eco
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underestimation of programme costs
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Grand Coalition government incremen
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ordered, and there is currently no
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underfunded. In 2008, defence chief
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Albania ALB albanian lek 2008 2009
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fORCEs By ROLE AD/FGA/ Recce 2 (Tac
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UTL: 6 Bell 206 JetRanger UAV Yastr
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LIBERIA UN • UNMIL 3 sERBIA NATO
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MRL 227mm 12 MLRS (in store awaitin
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BOsNIA-HERzEgOVINA EU • EUFOR •
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FF 9 D’Estienne d’Orves each wi
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AfgHANIsTAN NATO • ISAF 3,095 (Op
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APC 2,307 APC (T) 1,161: 200 Bv-206
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fOREIgN fORCEs Canada NATO 287 Fran
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Air force 31,500 (incl 11,000 consc
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DEPLOyMENT Legal provisions for for
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2 Luigi Durand de la Penne (ex-Anim
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ALBANIA NATO 1 (HQ Tirana) Delegazi
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SP 10 M1025A2 HMMWV with Javelin MA
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MOR 43: 81mm 27 L16/M1 TOWED 120mm
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of 19 to 21, and then up to 4-5 ref
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Poland POL Polish Zloty z 2008 2009
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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Of CONgO UN •
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sÃO TOME AND PRINCIPÉ Navy 1 Air
Page 157 and 158: capabilities ACTIVE 16,531 (army 7,
Page 159 and 160: capabilities ACTIVE 128,013 (army 7
Page 161 and 162: APC (W) 18 Piranha AAV 19: 16 AAV-7
Page 163 and 164: ORgANIsATIONs By sERVICE Army ε77,
Page 165 and 166: TPT 77: 13 C-130B Hercules/C-130E H
Page 167 and 168: Inf 13 bn SF 2 regt (SAS) AB 1 bn O
Page 169 and 170: LC 24 RRC HELICOPTERS ATK/SPT 43: 6
Page 171 and 172: NEPAL Army 280 (Gurkha trg org) NET
Page 173 and 174: OSCE • Kosovo 1 FOrEIgn FOrCEs De
Page 175 and 176: MSL • SSM ε4 SS-21 Scarab (Tochk
Page 177 and 178: DEPLOyMEnT bOsnIA-hErzEgOInVA OSCE
Page 179 and 180: AD • SAM 48 SP 6 SA-15 Gauntlet;
Page 181 and 182: navy 2,000; 1,850 conscript (total
Page 183 and 184: coast Guard PATROL AND COASTAL COMB
Page 185 and 186: MOR 39: 120mm 39 AT • MSL • MAN
Page 187 and 188: Finland OSCE 1 France OSCE 1 German
Page 189 and 190: Decision on deployment of troops ab
Page 191 and 192: ut can also be used as HQ ship); 2
Page 193 and 194: TPT 20: 15 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 1 Fal
Page 195 and 196: naval Infantry 3,000 Naval inf 1 bd
Page 197 and 198: Table 17 selected arms procurements
Page 207: Table 18 selected arms procurements
Page 211 and 212: 23 motor-rifle and tank divisions,
Page 213 and 214: government will be able to keep mee
Page 215 and 216: While the programme contained a lau
Page 217 and 218: he was therefore open-minded about
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Page 221 and 222: Tk 4 bde (each: 3 tk bn, 1 MR (BMP-
Page 223 and 224: SSM 1 regt with 8 SS-C-1B Sepal AD
Page 225 and 226: Tpt sqns with An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/
Page 227 and 228: Arty 1 bde, SSM 1 bde with 12-18 SS
Page 229 and 230: Paramilitary 449,000 Federal Border
Page 233 and 234: Chapter Five Middle East and North
Page 235 and 236: Map 2 iraq BAGHDAD 3 2 1 6 9 XX IA
Page 237 and 238: governments before Iran was effecti
Page 239 and 240: key staff from Russia and the UK ow
Page 241 and 242: system specifically targeted to cou
Page 243 and 244: Algeria ALG Algerian Dinar D 2008 2
Page 245 and 246: ORGAnIsAtIOns by seRvICe Army 6,000
Page 247 and 248: navy ε8,500 (incl 2,000 Coast Guar
Page 249 and 250: WesteRn sAhARA UN • MINURSO 21 ob
Page 251 and 252: Air Force 30,000 (incl 12,000 Air D
Page 253 and 254: Israel ISR New israeli Shekel NS 20
Page 255 and 256: MSL ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AGM-45 Sh
Page 257 and 258: demOCRAtIC RepUblIC OF COnGO UN •
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ARTY 516 TOWED 160: 105mm 21: 13 M-
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AMPHIBIOUS 4 LS 1 LST 1 Ibn Harissa
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Mech Inf 3 bde Inf 35 indep bn Mot
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APC 206 APC (T) 16: 6 FV 103 Sparta
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ARTY 89 SP 155mm 28 (AMX) Mk F3 TOW
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Hel 2 sqn with AS-532 Cougar (CSAR)
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AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LSM 3 Polnoch
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deplOyment CentRAl AFRICAn RepUblIC
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capabilities ACtIve 66,700 (Army 60
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Middle East and North Africa Table
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Middle East and North Africa Table
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Chapter Six Sub-Saharan Africa The
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{ Regions: Deployment of mission HQ
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December 2005) and the democratic e
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training, technical and financial s
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Table 26 South african defence budg
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aircraft and SAM batteries to prote
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paramilitary 10,000 rapid-reaction
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eQuipmenT by Type AIRCRAFT TPT 8: 1
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deploymenT cenTral african republic
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eQuipmenT by Type AIRCRAFT 6 combat
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paramilitary 10,450 Presidential Gu
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djibouti DJB Djiboutian Franc fr 20
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MOR 120mm/160mm 100+ AT MSL • MAN
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eQuipmenT by Type AIRCRAFT 14 comba
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Ranger 1 bn Cdo 1 bn Arty 1 bn Engr
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TRG up to 25: up to 5 Bulldog 103/B
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Liaison sqn with Cessna 310; Cessna
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eQuipmenT by Type RECCE BRDM-2; Fer
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niger NER cFA Franc BceAO fr 2008 2
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paramilitary ε82,000 coast Guard P
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cenTral african republic/chad UN
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puntland Armed Forces ε5-10,000; c
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organiSaTionS by Service army 85,00
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forceS by role Tk 1 bde Inf 5 bde A
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forceS by role Army 5 div (each: up
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GUNS • TOWED 116: 14.5mm 36 ZPU-1
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Chapter Seven South and Central Asi
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Pakistan Democratically elected Pre
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Fonseka resigned as CDS on 12 Novem
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S-300 air-defence batteries, beyond
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AFGHANISTAN International concern g
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Map 3 Afghanistan ISAF/OEF-A 1 RC-C
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Fatalities 500 400 300 200 100 0 US
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SOUTH ASIA - DEFENCE ECONOmICS Afte
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Table 31 Indian Defence Budget by F
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The biggest naval procurement agree
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their finances’ but wish to repla
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Australia 1,350; 1 inf BG with (1 m
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TRG 30: 8 L-39ZA Albatros*; 10 PT-6
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Navy 58,350 (incl 7,000 Naval Avn a
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Mirage/M-2000TH (M-2000ED) Mirage (
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GUN/MOR 120mm 25 2S9 Anona MRL 380:
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Police Force 47,000 SELECTED NON-ST
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Cadres School and PAF Academy are D
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Air Force 28,000 (incl SLAF Regt) F
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HELICOPTERS ATK 10 Mi-24 Hind SPT 8
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South and Central Asia Table 32 Sel
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Chapter Eight East Asia and Austral
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Map 4 China: military regions and m
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JAPAN Japan’s defence policy in
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training and deployments. Naval ele
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months, including that of a C-�
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Australia’s Force 2030: Key capab
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for the ��-year period of the W
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International Monetary Fund (IMF) r
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column C, data are converted into U
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Inf 6 bde HQ (4/5/8/9/11/13) each w
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Brunei BRN Brunei Dollar B$ 2008 20
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Capabilities ACTIVE 2,285,000 (Army
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Navy ε215,000; 40,000 conscript (t
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East Sea Fleet Coastal defence from
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Fiji FJI Fijian Dollar F$ 2008 2009
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TPT 23: 3 CN-235M; 2 DHC-5 Buffalo;
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Maritime Self- Defense Force 42,400
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PCC 60 PC-Type PCI 174: 170 CL-Type
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Tpt regts with An-2 Colt to infiltr
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UTL 5 F406 Caravan II HELICOPTERS A
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Customs Service PATROL AND COASTAL
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FGA 22 A-5M (Q-5II) Fantan TPT 15:
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FOREIGN FORCES Australia Army 38; 1
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TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA) Army 3 t
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Fokker 50 • Makung Air Base Comma
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MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASUR
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RESERVES 5,000,000 ORGANISATIONS BY
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East Asia and Australasia Table 35
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Chapter Nine Country comparisons -
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Table 36 UN Deployments 2009-2010 l
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Table 37 Non-UN Deployments 2009-20
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Table 37 Non-UN Deployments 2009-20
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index of contributing nations Alban
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Number deployed 110,000 90,000 70,0
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Table 38 Selected training activity
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Country comparisons Table 39 Intern
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Table 43 Global Arms Transfer Agree
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Table 47 Selected Operational Milit
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Chapter Ten Reforming India’s def
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develop a fifth-generation fighter
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Table 48: Major Current Domestic De
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Part two Reference table 49 Designa
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Reference Type Name/designation Cou
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table 50 List of Abbreviations for
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NCO non-commissioned officer NLACM
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Index of Country/Territory Abbrevia
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