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344 The MiliTAry BAlAnCe 2010 ment included an affirmation of the need to increase the effort against al-Qaeda and was followed by the announcement of a troop ‘surge’ in Afghanistan to put more pressure on the Taliban and to ensure security for the run-up to the Afghan presidential elections on 20 August. On 4 April, at the NATO summit in Strasbourg–Kehl, European NATO member states backed the US commitment by pledging an additional 5,000 troops. The initial US surge involved 17,000 troops in a deployment to the south and east, with an additional 4,000 to speed up training of the ANA. Such training is seen as a priority, as coalition countries seek to hand over more military and security tasks to the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), including the Afghan National Police (ANP) and border guards. Obama’s appointment of political and military leaders whom he deemed would bring faster results in Afghanistan gave impetus to the new strategy. Among the new appointees was Lieutenant-General Stanley McChrystal, who replaced General David McKiernan as ISAF commander in May 2009. The appointment of an experienced special-forces officer was seen as an attempt to increase the tempo of counter-insurgency operations. In a review of counter-insurgency strategy following the election period and a summer characterised by increasing violence and high casualties among ISAF and ANSF personnel, McChrystal called for 40,000 more US and NATO troops to be deployed to Afghanistan. Obama’s announcement will bring the total US commitment to around 100,000 troops. At the same time, the UK announced it could send an extra 500 troops to boost its total deployment to 9,500, with 500 being re-deployed from Kabul to Helmand. The UK made its extra troop allocation subject to a number of conditions, among them that all troopcontributing countries should bear a fair share of the military commitment and that ANSF capacitybuilding should be accelerated. The intention was that ANA strength should increase from about 80,000 to 134,000 by the end of 2010, the force being infantrycentric, with Kandaks in the south and east having four companies instead of three (thus concentrating on building capacity in areas where there are most problems). However, the US wanted a further increase to around 260,000. The Kabul Military Training Center was set up in 2009 to accelerate training of Afghan national security forces. It is intended that the centre have the capacity to train 5,000 personnel monthly by March 2010. At the same time, the strength of the ANP was to increase to 80,000 by 2011 and the Afghan National Border Police (ANBP) was to increase from 12,000 to 18,000. The ANBP continues to be trained under Combined Security Transition Command- Afghanistan (CSTC-A). In addition to the state security forces, Public Protection Forces (PPF) were being formed at local level, in 200-person detachments. The initial phase called for 8,000 personnel to be trained by July 2009 in 40 districts (out of 365). US troops started this training in Wardak, a province with a large Taliban presence close to Kabul and considered a priority for the programme. However, there has been concern that the creation of the PPF may detract from efforts to create a proper national police force. But the critical problem remains that of retention of trained personnel; in a bid to assist this process, pay for Afghan security forces has been increased. Insurgency The Taliban-led insurgency now affects many areas of the country and there has been a broadening in the scope of its operations. While the insurgents have lost virtually every military engagement, they expanded their areas of influence from 30 to 160 of Afghanistan’s 364 districts between 2003 and the end of 2008, and attacks increased by 60% between October 2008 and April 2009. A mixture of tactics was geared to address the operating conditions in different parts of the country. In areas with a heavy international military presence the Taliban resorted to improvised explosive devices (IEDs), a tactic employed to great effect against ISAF operations during the election period. In July alone there were an estimated 828 IED attacks, almost double the number in July 2008. There were also occasional full-scale assaults on coalition positions, mostly in the southeastern provinces, similar to the 17 August 2008 attack against US Forward Operating Base Salerno in Khost province. An attack on a US base in Nuristan by some 300 insurgents on 4 October 2009 resulted in the deaths of eight US and two ANA soldiers. Suicide attacks, particularly against government targets in urban areas, have become a key insurgent tactic. On 11 February 2009 19 people were killed in a multiple attack involving a suicide bomber and gunmen against government institutions in Kabul, including the Ministries of Education and Justice and the Department of Prisons. The attack was seen as a direct assault on state judicial and legal authorities. On 15 August 2009, a suicide bomber killed seven near ISAF headquarters, and on 8 October 2009 a
Map 3 Afghanistan ISAF/OEF-A 1 RC-Capital Italian 186th Para Regt French 2nd For Leg Inf Regt Turkish Battle Group 2 French 3rd Marine Inf Regt 3 US 4th IBCT/4th Inf Div 4 US 3rd IBCT/10th Mtn Div 5 US 4th AB IBCT/25th Inf Div ANA A 111th Capital Div + 2/201st Bde B 1/201st Bde C 3/201st Bde D 1/203rd Bde E 3/203rd Bde F 2/203rd Bde © IISS L 15 Herat US Farah K HERAT NIMRUZ G 2/205th Bde H 1/205th Bde I 3/205th Bde J 4/205th Bde K 2/207th Bde L 1/207th Bde M 1/209th Bde N 2/209th Bde Regional Command West ∼4,400 ITA ESP BADGHIS Qal’eh-Now FARAH GHOR 12 13 I Lashkar Gah HELMAND 6 Polish 21st Podhale Rifles Bde 7 1st Royal Australian Regiment Battle Group 8 Dutch 11th Air Aslt Brigade 9 Romanian 2nd Mtn Bde 10 Canadian 1st PPCLI Inf Battle Group 11 US 5th SBCT/2nd Inf Div 12 Danish Battle Group FARYAB NOR Maimanah LTU Chaghcharan UK/DNK/EST JOWZJAN KUNDUZ GER SWE Mazar-e Sharif M 16 Kunduz N suicide car bomber carried out an attack opposite the Indian embassy, which is a continued target. India is a strong ally of the Afghan government and is seen as a direct threat to the Taliban and its allies. Attacks on ISAF supply routes and facilities in Pakistan resulted in new arrangements with Russia and neighbouring Central Asian states to open routes through less hostile territory. On 6 February 2009, an agreement was reached with Russia for the ‘Northern 14 Regional Command South ∼36,500 TAKHAR GER Faizabad BADAKSHAN BALKH NURISTAN HUN SAMANGAN Pul-e Kumri PANJSHER US SAR-E PUL BAMIYAN NZL Bamiyan Nuristan BAGHLAN US KUNAR Panjsher US LAGHMAN US KAPISA Bagram Asadabad 2 US PARWAN 1 A Mehtar Lam 3 C Wardak TUR KABUL US Jalalabad WARDAK CZE LOGAR NANGARHAR DAIKONDI 4 B PAKTIA KHOST Logar US Khost POL/US 6 E Gardez 5 D US Ghazni F GHAZNI Sharan ISAF Kabul URUZGAN Tarin Kowt 7 J 8 ZABUL US PAKTIKA HQ ISAF (4 star) IJC (3 star) NLD/AUS 10 11 H Kandahar US 9 G Qalat Regional Command Capital – Kabul ∼6,130 CAN KANDAHAR 13 UK 11th Light Brigade 14 USMC 2nd MEB (7th RCT) 15 RC-West Italian 183rd Para Regt Italian 187th Para Regt Spanish Bn 16 RC-North German 1st Jäger Regt Regional Command East ∼18,300 US Regional Command North ∼5,700 ISAF Provincial Reconstruction Team and troop nationality (see above for key) Source: NATO, IISS. Information as of October 2009 South and Central Asia 345 Estimated troop contributions of NATO–ISAF nations Albania 250 Australia (AUS) 1,350 Austria 4 Azerbaijan 90 Belgium Bosnia- 530 Herzegovina 10 Bulgaria 460 Canada (CAN) 2,830 Croatia 290 Czech Republic (CZE) 480 Denmark (DNK) 690 Estonia (EST) 150 Finland 165 France (FRA) 3,095 FYROM 165 Georgia 1 Germany (GER) 4,365 Greece 145 Hungary (HUN) 360 Iceland 2 (civilian) Ireland 7 Italy (ITA) 2,795 Jordan 7 Latvia 175 Lithuania (LTU) 250 Luxembourg 8 Netherlands (NLD) 2,160 New Zealand (NZL) 300 Norway 480 Poland (POL) 1,910 Portugal 145 Romania 990 Singapore 9 Slovakia 245 Slovenia 130 Spain 1,000 Sweden 430 Turkey (TUR) 720 Ukraine 10 United Arab Emirates 25 UK 9,000 US 34,800 US (OEF) Total (rounded) 31,129 102,155 Route’, a rail connection running from the Baltic Sea via Russia to Central Asia to carry non-lethal military consignments. On 6 July Russia extended the agreement to allow air and land transit of lethal military supplies to NATO and US forces in Afghanistan. Meanwhile, on 3 April Uzbekistan agreed to the use of Navoi air base by US aircraft; Tajikistan also agreed to the movement of supplies through either Kulyab or Dushanbe air bases for onward movement South and Central Asia
Page 3 and 4:
The Military Balance 2010 Editor’
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The Military Balance 2010 Preface T
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Units and formation strength Compan
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Principal Aviation Equipment De�n
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Construction, Research and Developm
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Chapter One North America THE UNITE
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tion execution procedures’. There
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and network kits for the HMMWV. Whi
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tion brigade roughly quintuples the
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light of the forthcoming demographi
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FY2010 National Defence Process In
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North America Table 7 US National D
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Cbt Engr 1 regt MP 4 coy Log 10 bn
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SUDAN UN • UNMIS (Operation Safar
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Engr 4 bde Sig 1 bde Spt 8 spt bde,
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Naval reserve Forces 109,222 (total
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AAV 1,311 AAV-7A1 (all roles) ARTY
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FORCES BY ROLE HQ (AF) 1 HQ located
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FORCES BY ROLE Combined Service 1 H
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IRAQ NATO • NTM-I 12 UN • UNAMI
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Table 8 US Air Capability 2010 Airc
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Table 9 Selected US Arms Orders Fy2
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Chapter Two Latin America and the C
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II RM Mexicali, Baja California Reg
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elationship will be affected follow
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In March 2009, the 12 defence minis
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systems, including 100,000 Kalashni
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previous editions of The Military B
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MRL 105mm 4 SLAM Pampero MOR 883: 8
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WESTERN SAHARA UN • MINURSO 3 obs
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LOGISTICS AND SUPPORT 19: AH 2 TPT
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ABU 6: 1 Almirante Graca Aranah (li
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TOWED 138: 105mm 90 M-101 155mm 48
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Capabilities ACTIVE 285,220 (Army 2
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RECCE 11: 6 Schweizer SA-2-37; 2 B-
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TPT 12: 3 Yak-40; 3 An-24; 2 Il-76;
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PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS 8 FRIG
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AIRCRAFT • RECCE 1 O-2A Skymaster
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EQUIPMENT By TyPE AIRCRAFT TPT 1 Y-
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SAR/Tpt 2 flt with 4 AS-355N Ecureu
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FTR 10: 8 F-5E Tiger II; 2 F-5F Tig
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Capabilities ACTIVE 10,650 (Army 7,
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AD SAM • MANPAD 298+: 70 SA-14 Gr
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EQUIPMENT By TyPE AIRCRAFT 4 combat
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DEPLOyMENT AFgHANISTAN UN • UNAMA
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FORCES By ROLE Ftr/FGA 2 gp with Su
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Latin America and the Caribbean Tab
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Chapter Three Europe NATO Towards a
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Table 13 EU Battlegroups year Semes
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in Atalanta can arrest, detain and
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NATO EUROPE - DEfENCE ECONOMICs Eco
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underestimation of programme costs
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Grand Coalition government incremen
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ordered, and there is currently no
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underfunded. In 2008, defence chief
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Albania ALB albanian lek 2008 2009
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fORCEs By ROLE AD/FGA/ Recce 2 (Tac
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UTL: 6 Bell 206 JetRanger UAV Yastr
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LIBERIA UN • UNMIL 3 sERBIA NATO
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MRL 227mm 12 MLRS (in store awaitin
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BOsNIA-HERzEgOVINA EU • EUFOR •
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FF 9 D’Estienne d’Orves each wi
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AfgHANIsTAN NATO • ISAF 3,095 (Op
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APC 2,307 APC (T) 1,161: 200 Bv-206
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fOREIgN fORCEs Canada NATO 287 Fran
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Air force 31,500 (incl 11,000 consc
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DEPLOyMENT Legal provisions for for
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2 Luigi Durand de la Penne (ex-Anim
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ALBANIA NATO 1 (HQ Tirana) Delegazi
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SP 10 M1025A2 HMMWV with Javelin MA
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MOR 43: 81mm 27 L16/M1 TOWED 120mm
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of 19 to 21, and then up to 4-5 ref
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Poland POL Polish Zloty z 2008 2009
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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Of CONgO UN •
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sÃO TOME AND PRINCIPÉ Navy 1 Air
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capabilities ACTIVE 16,531 (army 7,
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capabilities ACTIVE 128,013 (army 7
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APC (W) 18 Piranha AAV 19: 16 AAV-7
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ORgANIsATIONs By sERVICE Army ε77,
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TPT 77: 13 C-130B Hercules/C-130E H
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Inf 13 bn SF 2 regt (SAS) AB 1 bn O
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LC 24 RRC HELICOPTERS ATK/SPT 43: 6
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NEPAL Army 280 (Gurkha trg org) NET
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OSCE • Kosovo 1 FOrEIgn FOrCEs De
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MSL • SSM ε4 SS-21 Scarab (Tochk
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DEPLOyMEnT bOsnIA-hErzEgOInVA OSCE
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AD • SAM 48 SP 6 SA-15 Gauntlet;
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navy 2,000; 1,850 conscript (total
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coast Guard PATROL AND COASTAL COMB
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MOR 39: 120mm 39 AT • MSL • MAN
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Finland OSCE 1 France OSCE 1 German
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Decision on deployment of troops ab
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ut can also be used as HQ ship); 2
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TPT 20: 15 PC-6 Turbo-Porter; 1 Fal
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naval Infantry 3,000 Naval inf 1 bd
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Table 17 selected arms procurements
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Chapter Four Russia New defence ref
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23 motor-rifle and tank divisions,
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government will be able to keep mee
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While the programme contained a lau
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he was therefore open-minded about
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ties of Russian military equipment.
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Tk 4 bde (each: 3 tk bn, 1 MR (BMP-
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SSM 1 regt with 8 SS-C-1B Sepal AD
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Tpt sqns with An-12 Cub/An-24 Coke/
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Arty 1 bde, SSM 1 bde with 12-18 SS
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Paramilitary 449,000 Federal Border
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Chapter Five Middle East and North
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Map 2 iraq BAGHDAD 3 2 1 6 9 XX IA
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governments before Iran was effecti
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key staff from Russia and the UK ow
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system specifically targeted to cou
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Algeria ALG Algerian Dinar D 2008 2
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ORGAnIsAtIOns by seRvICe Army 6,000
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navy ε8,500 (incl 2,000 Coast Guar
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WesteRn sAhARA UN • MINURSO 21 ob
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Air Force 30,000 (incl 12,000 Air D
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Israel ISR New israeli Shekel NS 20
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MSL ASM AGM-114 Hellfire; AGM-45 Sh
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demOCRAtIC RepUblIC OF COnGO UN •
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ARTY 516 TOWED 160: 105mm 21: 13 M-
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AMPHIBIOUS 4 LS 1 LST 1 Ibn Harissa
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Mech Inf 3 bde Inf 35 indep bn Mot
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APC 206 APC (T) 16: 6 FV 103 Sparta
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ARTY 89 SP 155mm 28 (AMX) Mk F3 TOW
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Hel 2 sqn with AS-532 Cougar (CSAR)
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AMPHIBIOUS • LS • LSM 3 Polnoch
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deplOyment CentRAl AFRICAn RepUblIC
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capabilities ACtIve 66,700 (Army 60
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Middle East and North Africa Table
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Middle East and North Africa Table
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Chapter Six Sub-Saharan Africa The
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{ Regions: Deployment of mission HQ
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December 2005) and the democratic e
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training, technical and financial s
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Table 26 South african defence budg
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Page 331 and 332: GUNS • TOWED 116: 14.5mm 36 ZPU-1
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Page 357 and 358: TRG 30: 8 L-39ZA Albatros*; 10 PT-6
Page 359 and 360: Navy 58,350 (incl 7,000 Naval Avn a
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Page 365 and 366: Police Force 47,000 SELECTED NON-ST
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Page 369 and 370: Air Force 28,000 (incl SLAF Regt) F
Page 371 and 372: HELICOPTERS ATK 10 Mi-24 Hind SPT 8
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Inf 6 bde HQ (4/5/8/9/11/13) each w
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Brunei BRN Brunei Dollar B$ 2008 20
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Capabilities ACTIVE 2,285,000 (Army
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Navy ε215,000; 40,000 conscript (t
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East Sea Fleet Coastal defence from
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Fiji FJI Fijian Dollar F$ 2008 2009
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TPT 23: 3 CN-235M; 2 DHC-5 Buffalo;
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Maritime Self- Defense Force 42,400
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PCC 60 PC-Type PCI 174: 170 CL-Type
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Tpt regts with An-2 Colt to infiltr
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UTL 5 F406 Caravan II HELICOPTERS A
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Customs Service PATROL AND COASTAL
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FGA 22 A-5M (Q-5II) Fantan TPT 15:
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FOREIGN FORCES Australia Army 38; 1
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TAIWAN (REPUBLIC OF CHINA) Army 3 t
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Fokker 50 • Makung Air Base Comma
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MINE WARFARE • MINE COUNTERMEASUR
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RESERVES 5,000,000 ORGANISATIONS BY
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East Asia and Australasia Table 35
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Chapter Nine Country comparisons -
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Table 36 UN Deployments 2009-2010 l
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Table 37 Non-UN Deployments 2009-20
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Table 37 Non-UN Deployments 2009-20
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index of contributing nations Alban
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Number deployed 110,000 90,000 70,0
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Table 38 Selected training activity
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Country comparisons Table 39 Intern
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Table 43 Global Arms Transfer Agree
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Table 47 Selected Operational Milit
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Chapter Ten Reforming India’s def
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develop a fifth-generation fighter
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Table 48: Major Current Domestic De
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Part two Reference table 49 Designa
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Reference Type Name/designation Cou
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table 50 List of Abbreviations for
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NCO non-commissioned officer NLACM
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Index of Country/Territory Abbrevia
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